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Testing a watch manufacturer鈥檚 claim. A manufacturer of a new Smart Watch claims that the probability of its watch running more than 1 minute slow or 1 minute fast after 1 year of use is .05. A consumer protection agency has purchased four of the manufacturer鈥檚 watches with the intention of testing the claim.

  1. Assuming that the manufacturer鈥檚 claim is correct, what is the probability that none of the watches are as accurate as claimed?
  2. Assuming that the manufacturer鈥檚 claim is correct, what is the probability that exactly two of the four watches are as accurate as claimed?
  3. Suppose that only one of the four tested watches is as accurate as claimed. What inference can be made about the manufacturer鈥檚 claim? Explain.
  4. Suppose that none of the watches tested are as accurate as claimed. Is it necessarily true that the manufacturer鈥檚 claim is false? Explain.

Short Answer

Expert verified
  1. The probability is 0.00000625.
  2. The probability is 0.0135.
  3. As a result, there is skepticism, as the manufacturer said.
  4. The claim is not wrong.

Step by step solution

01

Important formula 

The formula for probability is

P=FavourableoutcomesTotalOutcomesP(AC)=1P(A)

02

(a) The probability that none of the watches are as accurate as claimed 

Here P(A)=0.05

P(A)=1P(N)=10.05=0.95

The sample spaces are:

(A, A, A, A), (N,N,N,N) ,(N,A,N,A) ,(A,N,A,N) ,(N,A,A,N), (A,N,A,A) ,(A,A,N,A) ,(A,A,A,N), (N,N,A,A), (A,A,N,N), (N,A,A,N), (A,N,N,A),(N,N,,N,A), (A,N,N,N) ,(N,A,N,N), (N,N,A,N).

MOW,

P(N,N,N,N,)=P(N).P(N).P(N).P(N)=(0.95)(0.95)(0.95)(0.95)=0.00000625

So, the probability is 0.00000625.

03

(b) The probability that exactly two of the four watches are as accurate as claimed

P(exectlytwo)=(N,A,N,A)+(A,N,A,N)+(N,A,A,N)+(N,N,A,A)+(A,A,N,N)+(A,N,N,A)=6P(N,A,N,A)=6P(N).P(A).P(N).P(A)=6(0.05)(0.95)(0.05)(0.95)=0.0135

Accordingly, the probability is 0.0135.

04

(c) Manufacturer claimed

P(1watchaccurate)=(N,N,,N,A)+(A,N,N,N)+(N,A,N,N)+(N,N,A,N)=4P(N,N,N,A)=4P(N).P(N).P(N).P(A)=4(0.05)(0.05)(0.05)(0.95)=0.000475

The conclusion is that the probability is 0.000475, which is so low. as a result, there is skepticism, as the manufacturer said.

05

(d) Find whether the manufacturer’s claim is false or true

The probability of no accurate watches is 0.00000625, which is so low. Therefore, the manufacturers鈥 claim is not wrong.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Forensic evidence in a criminal court case. In our legal system,the use of DNA as forensic evidence is often regarded as the most reliable type of evidence. However, most of the DNA code is the same for all humans. Consequently, assessing the probability of the DNA code that varies among individuals is the key to a successful case. Chance (Vol. 28, 2015) published an article on the use of DNA in a criminal case. The evidence found at the crime scene consisted of two alleles (sequences of DNA code), denoted {6/9}. One of these alleles comes from the individual鈥檚 mother and one from the individual鈥檚 father, but it is not known which allele-6 or 9-is from which parent. In forensic science, it is assumed that the two outcomes (alleles) are independent.

  1. DNA taken from the suspect resulted in a sequence of {6/9}. Given the evidence (E) comes from the suspect, find the probability of a DNA sequence of {6/9}. This probability-denotedPEHp-is used by the prosecution to support a claim of guilt.
  2. In the general population, the probability of observing an allele of 6 is 0.21 and the probability of an allele 9 is 0.14. Given the evidence (E) comes from a randomly selected person in the general population, find the probability of a DNA sequence of {6/9}. This probability-denotedPEHd-is used by the defense to support the suspect鈥檚 claim of not guilty.
  3. In a court of law, the likelihood ratioPEHp/PEHdis used to help decide the case. A ratio greater than 1 supports the prosecution, while a ratio less than 1 supports the defendant. Compute this likelihood ratio from the results in parts a and b and use it to make an inference.

Question: Refer to Exercise 3.35. Use the same event definitions to do the following exercises.

a. Write the event that the outcome is "On" and "High" as an intersection of two events.

b. Write the event that the outcome is "Low" or "Medium" as the complement of an event.

Management system failures. Refer to the Process Safety Progress (December 2004) study of 83 industrial accidents caused by management system failures, Exercise 2.150(p. 142). A summary of the root causes of these 83 incidents is reproduced in the following table. One of the 83 incidents is randomly selected and the root cause is determined.

Management system cause category

Number of incidents

Engineering and design

27

Procedures and practices

24

Management and oversight

22

Training and communication

10

Total

83

a. List the sample points for this problem and assign reasonable probabilities to them.

b. Find and interpret the probability that an industrial accident is caused by faulty engineering and design.

c. Find and interpret the probability that an industrial accident is caused by something other than faulty procedures and practices.

Who prepares your tax return? As part of a study on income tax compliance (Behavioral Research and Accounting, January 2015), researchers sampled 270 adults at a shopping mall and asked each: 鈥淲ho usually prepares your tax return?鈥 Their answers (and frequency of responses) are shown in the table (p. 170). Use the information in the table to estimate the probability that a randomly selected adult uses a friend, relative, or professional to prepare his or her income tax return.

Table for Exercise 3.16

Response

Frequency

You

100

Your spouse

16

Equally with spouse

7

Friend or relative

31

Professional help

114

Not required to file

2

TOTAL

270

Source: S. Bhattacharjee, K. Moreno, and D. Salbador, 鈥淭he Impact of Multiple Tax Returns on Tax Compliance Behavior,鈥 Behavioral Research and Accounting, Vol. 27, No. 1, January 2015 (from Table 1).

The diagram below describes the sample space of a particular experiment and events A and B .

  1. What is this type of diagram called?
  2. Suppose the sample points are equally likely. Find PAand PB.
  3. Suppose P1=P2=P3=P4=116and P5=P6=P7=P8=P9=P10=18 . Find PAand PB.
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