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Chapter 8: Problem 12

Indicate whether the following terms are associated with surveys (S) or experiments (E). (a) random sample (b) two groups (c) real population (d) real difference (e) population directory (f) digit dialing (g) similar groups (h) random assignment (i) independent variable

Short Answer

Expert verified
(a) S, (b) E, (c) S, (d) E, (e) S, (f) S, (g) E, (h) E, (i) E

Step by step solution

01

Classify 'random sample'

A random sample is a term associated with Surveys (S). Therefore, (a) is S.
02

Classify 'two groups'

The presence of two groups is often characteristic of Experiments (E), where one might be a control group and the other, a treatment group. Therefore, (b) is E.
03

Classify 'real population'

A real population is a term often associated with Surveys (S), which aim to gather information about a real population of interest. Therefore, (c) is S.
04

Classify 'real difference'

The term 'real difference' often relates more to Experiments (E), where treatments or conditions can lead to measurable differences. Therefore, (d) is E.
05

Classify 'population directory'

A population directory would generally be associated with Surveys (S) as it aids in sampling. Therefore, (e) is S.
06

Classify 'digit dialing'

Digit dialing is a method usually used in Surveys (S), especially in conducting telephone surveys. Therefore, (f) is S.
07

Classify 'similar groups'

Similar groups usually refers to experimental conditions. Therefore, it is associated with Experiments (E). So, (g) is E.
08

Classify 'random assignment'

Random assignment is a common feature of Experiments (E) to ensure that bias does not affect results. Therefore, (h) is E.
09

Classify 'independent variable'

An independent variable is a feature of experimental design so (i) is assigned to Experiments (E).

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Random Sample
A random sample is a foundational concept in survey methodology. It involves selecting a subset of individuals from a larger population, ensuring that every individual has an equal chance of being chosen. This technique aims to create a representation of the population, allowing researchers to draw general conclusions from their findings.

Benefits of using a random sample include:
  • Unbiased Results: Minimizes selection bias, leading to more reliable outcomes.
  • Generalizability: Findings can be extended to the broader population.
  • Simplified Analysis: With a representative sample, data analysis becomes more straightforward.
Random sampling is crucial for accurate survey outcomes. It forms the backbone of research that seeks to understand diverse populations.
Independent Variable
In experimental design, the independent variable is the factor that researchers manipulate to observe its effect on the dependent variable. It is essential because it allows scientists to determine cause-and-effect relationships.

Important aspects of an independent variable include:
  • Controlled Variation: Researchers deliberately change the independent variable to test hypotheses.
  • Influential Role: It influences changes in the dependent variable during an experiment.
  • Predictive Power: Well-chosen independent variables can predict outcomes effectively.
Understanding independent variables is key to designing experiments that yield meaningful insights. By carefully selecting and manipulating these variables, researchers can explore the dynamics of various phenomena.
Random Assignment
Random assignment is a powerful tool in experimental research, used to allocate participants into different groups randomly. This process is critical in maintaining the integrity of an experiment by ensuring that observed effects are due to the manipulated variable, not selection bias.

Benefits of random assignment include:
  • Eliminating Bias: Ensures each participant has an equal chance of being placed in any group, leading to unbiased experimental results.
  • Ensuring Group Equality: Balances groups in terms of confounding variables, which could otherwise skew results.
  • Enhancing Credibility: Makes the results of the experiment more trustworthy and scientifically valid.
Utilizing random assignment is fundamental in producing credible and ethical scientific research. It helps researchers determine the true impact of the independent variable on the outcome.
Population Directory
A population directory is an essential tool in conducting surveys, especially when aiming to create a sample that accurately represents a larger population. This directory compiles a list of individuals or elements that make up the population under study.

Key functions of a population directory include:
  • Efficient Sampling: Helps in systematically drawing a sample, reducing time and effort required in the process.
  • Comprehensive Coverage: Ensures that all segments of the population are considered, promoting inclusiveness.
  • Data Validation: Provides a reference point to cross-check the representativeness of the sample.
Surveys designed with a well-structured population directory are more likely to yield reliable data, thereby enhancing the quality of research conclusions. It serves as a cornerstone for any successful survey endeavor.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Assume that the probability of breast cancer equals .01 for women in the \(50-59\) age group. Furthermore, if a woman does have breast cancer, the probability of a true positive mammogram (correct detection of breast cancer) equals .80 and the probability of a false negative mammogram (a miss) equals .20. On the other hand, if a woman does not have breast cancer, the probability of a true negative mammogram (correct nondetection) equals .90 and the probability of a false positive mammogram (a false alarm) equals .10. (Hint: Use a frequency analysis to answer questions. To facilitate checking your answers with those in the book, begin with a total of 1,000 women, then branch into the number of women who do or do not have breast cancer, and finally, under each of these numbers, branch into the number of women with positive and negative mammograms.) (a) What is the probability that a randomly selected woman will have a positive mammogram? (b) What is the probability of having breast cancer, given a positive mammogram? (c) What is the probability of not having breast cancer, given a negative mammogram?

Television stations sometimes solicit feedback volunteered by viewers about a televised event. Following a televised debate between Barack Obama and Mitt Romney in the 2012 presidential election campaign, a TV station conducted a telephone poll to determine the "winner." Callers were given two phone numbers, one for Obama and the other for Romney, to register their opinions automatically. (a) Comment on whether or not this was a random sample. (b) How might this poll have been improved?

The probability of a boy being born equals \(.50,\) or \(1 / 2\), as does the probability of a girl being born. For a randomly selected family with two children, what's the probability of (a) two boys, that is, a boy and a boy? (Reminder: Before using either the addition or multiplication rule, satisfy yourself that the various events are either mutually exclusive or independent, respectively.) (b) two girls? (c) either two boys or two girls?

Referring to the standard normal table (Table A, Appendix C), find the probability that a randomly selected z score will be (a) above 1.96 (b) either above 1.96 or below -1.96 (c) between -1.96 and 1.96 (d) either above 2.58 or below -2.58

Indicate whether each of the following statements is True or False. A random selection of 10 playing cards from a deck of 52 cards implies that (a) the random sample of 10 cards accurately represents the important features of the whole deck. (b) each card in the deck has an equal chance of being selected. (c) it is impossible to get 10 cards from the same suit (for example, 10 hearts). (d) any outcome, however unlikely, is possible.
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