Chapter 8: Problem 46
Find a power series representation for the indefinite integral. \(\int e^{-\sqrt{x}} d x\)
Short Answer
Expert verified
The power series representation for the indefinite integral \(\int e^{-\sqrt{x}}\, dx\) is:
\[\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{x^{\frac{n}{2} + 1} (-1)^n}{n!(\frac{n}{2} + 1)} + C\]
Step by step solution
01
Rewrite exponential function as a power series
We start by rewriting the exponential function \(e^{-\sqrt{x}}\) as a power series. Recall that the power series expansion for \(e^{u}\) is given by:
\[e^{u} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{u^n}{n!}\]
In our case, we have \(u = -\sqrt{x}\), so we obtain:
\[e^{-\sqrt{x}} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(-\sqrt{x})^n}{n!}\]
02
Integrate term-by-term
Now, we need to integrate the power series term-by-term with respect to the variable x. Given the power series expansion of the given function \(e^{-\sqrt{x}}\), the indefinite integral can be found by integrating each term:
\[\int e^{-\sqrt{x}}\, dx = \int \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(-\sqrt{x})^n}{n!}\, dx\]
We can integrate the series term-by-term:
\[\Rightarrow \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \int \frac{(-\sqrt{x})^n}{n!}\, dx\]
Now, let's integrate the term inside the summation:
\[\int \frac{(-\sqrt{x})^n}{n!}\, dx = \frac{1}{n!} \int x^{\frac{n}{2}} (-1)^n\, dx\]
Using the power rule for integration, this integral becomes:
\[\frac{1}{n!} \frac{x^{\frac{n}{2} + 1} (-1)^n}{\frac{n}{2} + 1} + C\]
Now substituting this result back into the summation, we get the final answer:
\[\int e^{-\sqrt{x}}\, dx = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{x^{\frac{n}{2} + 1} (-1)^n}{n!(\frac{n}{2} + 1)} + C\]
This is the power series representation for the given indefinite integral.
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Key Concepts
These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.
Exponential Function
The exponential function is a fundamental concept in mathematics. It's usually expressed as \( e^u \) where \( e \) is approximately equal to 2.71828, known as Euler's number.
When you have an exponential function where the power \( u \) is not a simple expression, like \( -\sqrt{x} \), you can rewrite it as a power series to simplify calculations.
A power series is an infinite sum where each term is expressed in powers of a certain variable. For example, the exponential function \( e^u \) can be rewritten as:
When you have an exponential function where the power \( u \) is not a simple expression, like \( -\sqrt{x} \), you can rewrite it as a power series to simplify calculations.
A power series is an infinite sum where each term is expressed in powers of a certain variable. For example, the exponential function \( e^u \) can be rewritten as:
- \( e^u = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{u^n}{n!} \)
Term-by-Term Integration
Term-by-term integration is a helpful technique when dealing with power series. It's exactly what it sounds like: you integrate each term of a series individually.
In the context of our problem, we took the power series representation of \( e^{-\sqrt{x}} \) and integrated each term separately.
Here's the idea:
In the context of our problem, we took the power series representation of \( e^{-\sqrt{x}} \) and integrated each term separately.
Here's the idea:
- Start with the power series \( \sum \frac{(-\sqrt{x})^n}{n!} \)
- Integrate each term: \( \int \frac{(-\sqrt{x})^n}{n!} \, dx \)
Indefinite Integral
An indefinite integral represents the collection of all possible antiderivatives of a function. It's noted by the integral symbol \( \int \) and a function followed by \( dx \) indicating the variable of integration.
The solution to an indefinite integral always includes a constant of integration, \( C \), because many different functions could have the same derivative.
In our exercise, the indefinite integral \( \int e^{-\sqrt{x}} \, dx \) sought to find the function(s) whose derivative gives back \( e^{-\sqrt{x}} \). The final power series solution included this constant of integration:
The solution to an indefinite integral always includes a constant of integration, \( C \), because many different functions could have the same derivative.
In our exercise, the indefinite integral \( \int e^{-\sqrt{x}} \, dx \) sought to find the function(s) whose derivative gives back \( e^{-\sqrt{x}} \). The final power series solution included this constant of integration:
- \( \sum \frac{x^{\frac{n}{2} + 1} (-1)^n}{n!(\frac{n}{2} + 1)} + C \)
Power Rule for Integration
The power rule for integration is a fundamental technique used to find integrals of functions in the form \( x^n \), where \( n \) is any real number other than -1.
The rule states that:
In our solution, the power rule was used to integrate terms like \( \int \frac{(-\sqrt{x})^n}{n!} \, dx = \frac{1}{n!} \left( \int x^{\frac{n}{2}} (-1)^n \, dx \right) \), simplifying each term to:
The rule states that:
- The integral of \( x^n \) is \( \frac{x^{n+1}}{n+1} + C \)
In our solution, the power rule was used to integrate terms like \( \int \frac{(-\sqrt{x})^n}{n!} \, dx = \frac{1}{n!} \left( \int x^{\frac{n}{2}} (-1)^n \, dx \right) \), simplifying each term to:
- \( \frac{1}{n!} \frac{x^{\frac{n}{2} + 1} (-1)^n}{\frac{n}{2} + 1} + C \)