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Chapter 8: Q29E (page 437)

Let \(W = \left\{ {{{\bf{v}}_1},......,{{\bf{v}}_p}} \right\}\). Show that if \({\bf{x}}\) is orthogonal to each \({{\bf{v}}_j}\), for \(1 \le j \le p\), then \({\bf{x}}\) is orthogonal to every vector in \(W\).

Short Answer

Expert verified

It is verified thatif \({\bf{x}}\)is orthogonal to each \({\bf{v}}\) in then \({\bf{x}}\) is orthogonal to each vector in \(W\).

Step by step solution

01

Definition of Orthogonal sets.

The two vectors \({\bf{u}}{\rm{ and }}{\bf{v}}\) are Orthogonal if:

\(\begin{aligned}{l}{\left\| {{\bf{u}} + {\bf{v}}} \right\|^2} &= {\left\| {\bf{u}} \right\|^2} + {\left\| {\bf{v}} \right\|^2}\\{\rm{and}}\\{\bf{u}} \cdot {\bf{v}} &= 0\end{aligned}\)

02

 Computing the required values.

Since,a vector of \(W\) can be written in the form of linear combination, \({\bf{w}} = {c_1}{{\bf{v}}_1} + ........ + {c_p}{{\bf{v}}_p}\).

As \({\bf{x}}\) orthogonal to vectors \({{\bf{v}}_j}\).

Then, we have:

\(\begin{aligned}{c}{\bf{w}} \cdot {\bf{x}} &= \left( {{c_1}{{\bf{v}}_1} + ........ + {c_p}{{\bf{v}}_p}} \right).{\bf{x}}\\ &= {c_1}\left( {{{\bf{v}}_1} \cdot {\bf{x}}} \right) + ...... + {c_p}\left( {{{\bf{v}}_p} \cdot {\bf{x}}} \right)\\ &= 0 + ....... + 0\\ &= 0\end{aligned}\).

Hence proved,\({\bf{x}}\)is orthogonal to each \({\bf{v}}\) in then \({\bf{x}}\) is orthogonal to each vector in \(W\).

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Question: In Exercises 15-20, write a formula for a linear functional f and specify a number d, so that \(\left( {f:d} \right)\) the hyperplane H described in the exercise.

Let H be the column space of the matrix \(B = \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{\bf{1}}&{\bf{0}}\\{\bf{5}}&{\bf{2}}\\{ - {\bf{4}}}&{ - {\bf{4}}}\end{array}} \right)\). That is, \(H = {\bf{Col}}\,B\).(Hint: How is \({\bf{Col}}\,B\)related to Nul \({B^T}\)? See section 6.1)

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\({{\bf{p}}_{\bf{o}}}{\bf{,}}\,{\rm{ }}{{\bf{p}}_{\bf{1}}}\,{\bf{,}}{\rm{ }}{{\bf{p}}_{\bf{2}}}\,{\bf{,}}{\rm{ }}{{\bf{p}}_{\bf{3}}}\)and \({{\bf{p}}_4}\):

\({\bf{x}}\left( t \right) = {\left( {1 - t} \right)^4}{{\bf{p}}_0} + 4t{\left( {1 - t} \right)^3}{{\bf{p}}_1} + 6{t^2}{\left( {1 - t} \right)^2}{{\bf{p}}_2} + 4{t^3}\left( {1 - t} \right){{\bf{p}}_3} + {t^4}{{\bf{p}}_4}\)for \(0 \le t \le 1\)

Construct the quartic basis matrix \({M_B}\) for \({\bf{x}}\left( t \right)\).

Question: Let \({{\bf{p}}_{\bf{1}}} = \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{\bf{2}}\\{ - {\bf{3}}}\\{\bf{1}}\\{\bf{2}}\end{array}} \right)\), \({{\bf{p}}_{\bf{2}}} = \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{\bf{1}}\\{\bf{2}}\\{ - {\bf{1}}}\\{\bf{3}}\end{array}} \right)\), \({{\bf{n}}_{\bf{1}}} = \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{\bf{1}}\\{\bf{2}}\\{\bf{4}}\\{\bf{2}}\end{array}} \right)\), and \({{\bf{n}}_{\bf{2}}} = \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{\bf{2}}\\{\bf{3}}\\{\bf{1}}\\{\bf{5}}\end{array}} \right)\), let \({H_{\bf{1}}}\) be the hyperplane in \({\mathbb{R}^{\bf{4}}}\) through \({{\bf{p}}_{\bf{1}}}\) with normal \({{\bf{n}}_{\bf{1}}}\), and let \({H_{\bf{2}}}\) be the hyperplane through \({{\bf{p}}_{\bf{2}}}\) with normal \({{\bf{n}}_{\bf{2}}}\). Give an explicit description of \({H_{\bf{1}}} \cap {H_{\bf{2}}}\). (Hint: Find a point p in \({H_{\bf{1}}} \cap {H_{\bf{2}}}\) and two linearly independent vectors \({{\bf{v}}_{\bf{1}}}\) and \({{\bf{v}}_{\bf{2}}}\) that span a subspace parallel to the 2-dimensional flat \({H_{\bf{1}}} \cap {H_{\bf{2}}}\).)

Question 4: Repeat Exercise 2 where \(m\) is the minimum value of \(f\) on \(S\) instead of the maximum value.

Question: 17. Choose a set \(S\) of three points such that aff \(S\) is the plane in \({\mathbb{R}^3}\) whose equation is \({x_3} = 5\). Justify your work.
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