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Let \(U\) be an \(n \times n\) orthogonal matrix. Show that if \(\left\{ {{{\bf{v}}_1}, \ldots ,{{\bf{v}}_n}} \right\}\) is an orthonormal basis for \({\mathbb{R}^n}\), then so is \(\left\{ {U{{\bf{v}}_1}, \ldots ,U{{\bf{v}}_n}} \right\}\).

Short Answer

Expert verified

It is proved that \(\left\{ {U{{\bf{v}}_1}, \ldots ,U{{\bf{v}}_k}} \right\}\) is a basis for \({\mathbb{R}^n}\).

Step by step solution

01

Statement in Theorem 7 

Theorem 7states that consider that, \(U\) as an \(m \times n\) matrix with orthonormal columns, and assume that x and y are in \({\mathbb{R}^n}\). Then;

  1. \(\left\| {U{\bf{x}}} \right\| = \left\| {\bf{x}} \right\|\)
  2. \(\left( {U{\bf{x}}} \right) \cdot \left( {U{\bf{y}}} \right) = {\bf{x}} \cdot {\bf{y}}\)
  3. \(\left( {U{\bf{x}}} \right) \cdot \left( {U{\bf{y}}} \right) = 0\) such that if \({\bf{x}} \cdot {\bf{y}} = 0\).
02

Show that if \(\left\{ {{{\bf{v}}_1}, \ldots ,{{\bf{v}}_n}} \right\}\) is an orthonormal basis for \({\mathbb{R}^n}\), then so is \(\left\{ {U{{\bf{v}}_1}, \ldots ,U{{\bf{v}}_n}} \right\}\)

According to Theorem 7, \(\left\{ {U{{\bf{v}}_1}, \ldots ,U{{\bf{v}}_k}} \right\}\) is an orthonormal set in \({\mathbb{R}^n}\). The set \(\left\{ {U{{\bf{v}}_1}, \ldots ,U{{\bf{v}}_k}} \right\}\) forms a basis for\({\mathbb{R}^n}\) because it is a linearly independent set with \(n\) vectors.

Thus, it is proved that \(\left\{ {U{{\bf{v}}_1}, \ldots ,U{{\bf{v}}_k}} \right\}\) is a basis for \({\mathbb{R}^n}\).

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Most popular questions from this chapter

In Exercises 1-4, find the equation \(y = {\beta _0} + {\beta _1}x\) of the least-square line that best fits the given data points.

  1. \(\left( { - 1,0} \right),\left( {0,1} \right),\left( {1,2} \right),\left( {2,4} \right)\)

In Exercises 1-6, the given set is a basis for a subspace W. Use the Gram-Schmidt process to produce an orthogonal basis for W.

5. \(\left( {\begin{aligned}{{}{}}1\\{ - 4}\\0\\1\end{aligned}} \right),\left( {\begin{aligned}{{}{}}7\\{ - 7}\\{ - 4}\\1\end{aligned}} \right)\)

In exercises 1-6, determine which sets of vectors are orthogonal.

\(\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}5\\{ - 4}\\0\\3\end{array}} \right]\), \(\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{ - 4}\\1\\{ - 3}\\8\end{array}} \right]\), \(\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}3\\3\\5\\{ - 1}\end{array}} \right]\)

Let \(X\) be the design matrix in Example 2 corresponding to a least-square fit of parabola to data \(\left( {{x_1},{y_1}} \right), \ldots ,\left( {{x_n},{y_n}} \right)\). Suppose \({x_1}\), \({x_2}\) and \({x_3}\) are distinct. Explain why there is only one parabola that best, in a least-square sense. (See Exercise 5.)

Exercises 19 and 20 involve a design matrix \(X\) with two or more columns and a least-squares solution \(\hat \beta \) of \({\bf{y}} = X\beta \). Consider the following numbers.

(i) \({\left\| {X\hat \beta } \right\|^2}\)鈥攖he sum of the squares of the 鈥渞egression term.鈥 Denote this number by \(SS\left( R \right)\).

(ii) \({\left\| {{\bf{y}} - X\hat \beta } \right\|^2}\)鈥攖he sum of the squares for error term. Denote this number by \(SS\left( E \right)\).

(iii) \({\left\| {\bf{y}} \right\|^2}\)鈥攖he 鈥渢otal鈥 sum of the squares of the -values. Denote this number by \(SS\left( T \right)\).

Every statistics text that discusses regression and the linear model \(y = X\beta + \in \) introduces these numbers, though terminology and notation vary somewhat. To simplify matters, assume that the mean of the -values is zero. In this case, \(SS\left( T \right)\) is proportional to what is called the variance of the set of \(y\)-values.

20. Show that \({\left\| {X\hat \beta } \right\|^2} = {\hat \beta ^T}{X^T}{\bf{y}}\). (Hint: Rewrite the left side and use the fact that \(\hat \beta \) satisfies the normal equations.) This formula for is used in statistics. From this and from Exercise 19, obtain the standard formula for \(SS\left( E \right)\):

\(SS\left( E \right) = {y^T}y - \hat \beta {X^T}y\)

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