Chapter 4: Problem 17
Suppose \(T: V \rightarrow W\) is an isomorphism and \(\operatorname{dim} V=n\). Prove that \(\operatorname{dim} W=n\).
Short Answer
Expert verified
Since T is an isomorphism between V and W, it is one-to-one and onto. Let the basis of V be \( \{v_1, v_2, \dots, v_n \} \), and their images under T be \( \{w_1, w_2, \dots, w_n \} \). We proved that \( \{ w_1, w_2, \dots, w_n \} \) is linearly independent and spans W. Thus, it is a basis for W with n vectors, and we conclude that \(\operatorname{dim} V = \operatorname{dim} W = n \).
Step by step solution
01
Understanding an isomorphism
An isomorphism T between two vector spaces V and W is a linear transformation with the following properties:
1. T is one-to-one (injective): For any distinct vectors u and v in V, their images in W are also distinct, i.e., if u ≠v, then T(u) ≠T(v).
2. T is onto (surjective): For any vector w in W, there exists a vector v in V such that T(v) = w.
02
Define a basis in V and its image in W
As given in the problem statement, dim V = n. A basis for V consists of n linearly independent vectors \( \{v_1, v_2, \dots, v_n \} \). We need to create a basis for W with the same number of vectors (dim W = n).
Let's consider the image of each vector in the basis of V under T:
\( w_i = T(v_i) \) for i = 1, 2, ..., n
We will now show that these n vectors \( \{ w_1, w_2, \dots, w_n \} \) form a basis for W.
03
Proving the vectors are linearly independent
To demonstrate that the set \( \{ w_1, w_2, \dots, w_n \} \) is linearly independent in W, we need to show that if there is a linear combination of the vectors equals the zero vector in W, then all coefficients must be zero.
Consider a linear combination of these vectors:
\( c_1w_1 + c_2w_2 + \dots + c_nw_n = 0_W \)
where \(c_i\) are scalar coefficients, and \(0_W\) is the zero vector in W. Since T is a linear transformation, we can also write the linear combination as follows:
\( T(c_1v_1 + c_2v_2 + \dots + c_nv_n) = 0_W \)
Since T is injective (one-to-one), this implies:
\( c_1v_1 + c_2v_2 + \dots + c_nv_n = 0_V \)
As the vectors \( \{v_1, v_2, \dots, v_n \} \) form a basis for V, they are linearly independent. Therefore, the coefficients must be zero:
\( c_1 = c_2 = \dots = c_n = 0 \)
This proves that the vectors in \( \{ w_1, w_2, \dots, w_n \} \) are linearly independent.
04
Proving the vectors span W
To show that the set \( \{ w_1, w_2, \dots, w_n \} \) spans W, we need to prove that for any vector w in W, there exists a linear combination of the vectors in the set, making it equal to w.
Since T is surjective (onto), for any w in W, there exists a v in V such that:
\( w = T(v) \)
Now, v can be expressed as a linear combination of the vectors in the basis for V:
\( v = a_1v_1 + a_2v_2 + \dots + a_nv_n \)
Applying T, we get:
\( w = T(a_1v_1 + a_2v_2 + \dots + a_nv_n) \)
By linearity of T:
\( w = a_1T(v_1) + a_2T(v_2) + \dots + a_nT(v_n) \)
\( w = a_1w_1 + a_2w_2 + \dots + a_nw_n\)
Thus, we have expressed w as a linear combination of the vectors in the set \( \{ w_1, w_2, \dots, w_n \} \), which means the set spans W.
05
Conclude that the dimensions are equal
Since we have proven that \( \{ w_1, w_2, \dots, w_n \} \) is a basis for W, this implies that dim W = n. Therefore, we have shown that an isomorphism between two vector spaces preserves their dimensions, as required:
\( \operatorname{dim} V = \operatorname{dim} W = n \)
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Key Concepts
These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.
Vector Spaces
Understanding vector spaces is fundamental in linear algebra. A vector space consists of a collection of vectors that can be scaled and added together under certain rules. In simpler terms, it is a mathematical framework where vectors can be combined or manipulated without leaving the space.
- Vectors can be any objects, as long as you can add them together and scale them with numbers (scalars).
- The space must adhere to specific axioms, such as closure under addition and scalar multiplication.
Basis
In a vector space, a basis is a set of vectors that is both linearly independent and spans the entire space. Think of the basis as the building blocks of a vector space. Once you have the basis, you can represent any vector in the space as a combination of these basis vectors.
- A basis must contain enough vectors to cover the whole space (spanning).
- No additional vectors can be included without losing its property of linear independence.
Linear Independence
Linear independence is a crucial property of a set of vectors. It ensures that no vector in the set can be expressed as a linear combination of the others. This concept is vital because it helps determine the number of vectors needed for a basis.
- Vectors \( \{ v_1, v_2, ..., v_n \} \) are linearly independent if the only solution to \( c_1v_1 + c_2v_2 + ... + c_nv_n = 0 \) is when all \( c_i = 0 \).
- If any \( c_i \) were not zero, a dependency would exist between the vectors.
Dimension
The dimension of a vector space refers to the number of vectors in a basis for that space. It's a measure of the space's extent or size in terms of independent directions.
- If a vector space has a finite basis of \( n \) vectors, its dimension is \( n \).
- The dimension reflects how many vectors are needed to describe any vector in the space.