91Ó°ÊÓ

"An article in the New England Journal of Medicine, discussed a study on smokers in California and Hawaii. In one part of the report, the self-reported ethnicity and smoking levels per day were given".

$H_0$ : The null hypothesis argues that no difference exists between sample means or proportions, or that a sample mean or percentage differs from the population mean or proportion. The difference, to put it another way, is nil.

$H_a$ :The alternative hypothesis is a population assertion that contradicts the null hypothesis and is what we conclude when we reject $H_0$.

We conclude that self-reported ethnicity is unrelated to daily smoking levels, according to the formulation of the null hypothesis. We conclude that self-reported ethnicity is influenced by daily smoking levels, according to the formulation of an alternate hypothesis.