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Chapter 7: Problem 10

Does the race of an interviewer matter? This question was investigated by Chris Gilberg and colleagues and reported in an issue of Chance magazine. \(^{2}\) The interviewer asked, "Do you feel that affirmative action should be used as an occupation selection criteria?' with possible answers of yes or no. a. What problems might you expect with responses to this question when asked by interviewers of different ethnic origins? b. When people were interviewed by an AfricanAmerican, the response was about \(70 \%\) in favor of affirmative action, approximately \(35 \%\) when interviewed by an Asian, and approximately \(25 \%\) when interviewed by a Caucasian. Do these results support your answer in part a?

Short Answer

Expert verified
Answer: Potential issues with responses to a question about affirmative action when asked by interviewers of different ethnic origins include response bias and the influence of the interviewee's race on their attitude towards affirmative action. The given survey results, which show varying levels of support for affirmative action depending on the interviewer's race, seem to support these concerns. However, it is important to note that this analysis is speculative and causality cannot be definitively determined without further investigation.

Step by step solution

01

Part A: Identifying potential issues with the survey question

One possible issue with this question could be response bias. Interviewees may feel pressured to give answers that would be perceived as socially desirable or in line with the interviewer's own beliefs. This bias could be influenced by the interviewer's perceived race or ethnicity, as people may want to avoid causing offense or conflicting with the interviewer's own opinion. Another potential issue with this question is that people's attitudes towards affirmative action may be influenced by their own race, and this may be reinforced when interacting with an interviewer of the same or different race.
02

Part B: Analyzing the given results

The survey results provided are as follows: - \(70 \%\) in favor of affirmative action when interviewed by an African American - \(35 \%\) when interviewed by an Asian - \(25 \%\) when interviewed by a Caucasian These results seem to support the idea that the race of the interviewer may have an impact on the responses given by the interviewees. The percentage of people who supported affirmative action was highest when interviewed by an African American, which may suggest that some interviewees were giving what they perceived to be the socially desirable answer when faced with a minority interviewer. Alternatively, this could also be influenced by the self-selection of the interviewees, as those who agreed to participate in the study may have already held favorable views towards affirmative action. Conversely, the percentage of people in favor of affirmative action dropped significantly when interviewed by a Caucasian or an Asian interviewer. This could be attributed to the respondents feeling more comfortable expressing their opinions about affirmative action in the presence of an interviewer from a non-Black minority or a majority race, leading to more honest responses. Overall, the results seem to align with the concerns discussed in Part A. It is important to note, however, that this analysis is speculative, and we cannot establish causality or definitively determine whether the difference in responses is due to the race of the interviewer without further investigation.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Survey Methodology
Survey methodology is a critical aspect of conducting research that relies on gathering information through surveys. This involves choosing the right questions, the ideal sample size, and ensuring unbiased responses. Poor survey methodology can lead to misleading results, so it is essential to carefully design each component of a survey.

A well-structured survey methodology should aim for:
  • Clear and simple questions: Ambiguous or complex questions can confuse respondents.
  • Random and representative sampling: Ensures the survey results can be generalized to the broader population.
  • Minimization of bias: Structuring questions to avoid leading respondents to a particular answer and ensuring anonymity can help reduce bias.
By refining these elements, researchers can improve the accuracy and reliability of the survey outcomes. In the case of interviewer effects, understanding how these can impact survey methodology is crucial to minimize response biases.
Interviewer Effect
The interviewer effect refers to the influence that the characteristics of an interviewer can have on the responses given by participants in a survey. This effect is particularly significant when the interview involves sensitive topics or questions related to social issues.

Several factors can contribute to the interviewer effect:
  • Race and ethnicity of the interviewer, as seen in the original exercise, where different percentages of favorable responses were attributed to the race of the interviewer.
  • Gender, age, or even perceived social status of the interviewer can affect how participants respond.
Respondents might alter their answers to align more closely with what they believe the interviewer represents or expects to hear. To mitigate this effect:
  • Training interviewers to maintain a neutral tone and demeanor is helpful.
  • Using digital or anonymized methods for survey administration can reduce personal interaction and, subsequently, interviewer-induced biases.
Social Desirability Bias
Social desirability bias occurs when respondents answer questions in a manner that they believe will be viewed favorably by others. This can be particularly pronounced in face-to-face interviews where participants may feel the need to conform to perceived social norms.

This bias can manifest in different ways, such as:
  • Over-reporting behaviors or attitudes that are socially approved, like supporting affirmative action when interviewed by a minority as seen in the exercise.
  • Under-reporting of behaviors that are socially frowned upon.
To reduce social desirability bias in surveys, researchers can:
  • Include indirect questioning techniques, which make it less obvious to the respondent which answer might be socially approved.
  • Assure respondents of confidentiality and anonymity to reduce the pressure of responding in a socially desirable way.
Reducing this bias leads to more accurate and honest responses, improving the validity of the survey's findings.

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