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Chapter 1: Problem 39

A research objective is presented. For each research objective, identify the population and sample in the study. The Gallup Organization contacts 1,028 teenagers who are 13 to 17 years of age and live in the United States and asked whether or not they had been prescribed medications for any mental disorders, such as depression or anxiety.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Population: All teenagers in the U.S. aged 13 to 17. Sample: The 1,028 teenagers contacted by Gallup.

Step by step solution

01

Identify the Population

The population is the entire group that the researchers are interested in studying. In this case, the population consists of all teenagers in the United States who are aged 13 to 17. This represents the whole group about whom they want to draw conclusions.
02

Identify the Sample

The sample is a subset of the population that is actually surveyed or studied. Here, the sample is the 1,028 teenagers aged 13 to 17 that the Gallup Organization contacted. This smaller group is used to make inferences about the entire population.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Research Objectives
Research objectives outline what a study aims to achieve. They guide the research process and ensure that the efforts are focused on specific goals. For example, in the given exercise, the objective is to understand the usage of prescribed medications for mental disorders among teenagers.

Well-defined research objectives help in determining the approach, methodology, and the type of data that needs to be collected. They also aid in identifying the population and the sample that will be studied.

Good research objectives should be clear, concise, and achievable within the scope of the study. Always start with defining your objective to keep the research organized and purposeful.
Population Identification
Identifying the population accurately is crucial for any research. The population is the entire group you wish to study and draw conclusions about.

In the exercise provided, the population consists of all teenagers in the United States who are aged 13 to 17. This is the wider group that the research is interested in.

It's important to note every detail while identifying the population, such as:
  • Age Range
  • Geographic Location
  • Specific Criteria (e.g., all teenagers, as opposed to only those suffering from a particular condition)

Identifying the correct population ensures that the research results are relevant and meaningful to the intended group.
Sample Identification
The sample is a smaller, manageable subset of the population that is selected for the actual study. It should be representative to accurately reflect the population.

In the provided example, the sample consists of 1,028 teenagers aged 13 to 17 contacted by the Gallup Organization. These teenagers represent the population of all teenagers in the same age range across the United States.

Key points to consider in sample identification include:
  • Size: A larger sample size can give more accurate results.
  • Randomness: The selection process should be random to avoid bias.
  • Diversity: The sample should capture the diverse characteristics of the population.

A well-chosen sample enables researchers to generalize the findings to the entire population.
Statistical Inference
Statistical inference is the process of drawing conclusions about a population based on the results obtained from a sample.

This involves using statistical methods to analyze the data collected from the sample. In the exercise, the researchers use the sample data from 1,028 teenagers to infer about the mental health medication usage among all teenagers aged 13 to 17 in the United States.

Key methods in statistical inference include:
  • Hypothesis Testing: Testing an assumption about a parameter.
  • Confidence Intervals: Estimating the range within which a parameter lies.
  • Regression Analysis: Understanding relationships between variables.

Using these methods, researchers can make informed conclusions about the larger population, even though they only have data from a sample. Proper statistical inference ensures that the results of the study are both valid and reliable.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Classify the variable as qualitative or quantitative. Number of siblings

A research objective is presented. For each research objective, identify the population and sample in the study. Folate and Hypertension Researcher John P. Forman and co-workers wanted to determine whether or not higher folate intake is associated with a lower risk of hypertension (high blood pressure) in younger women (27 to 44 years of age). To make this determination, they looked at 7,373 cases of hypertension in younger women and found that younger women who consumed at least 1,000 micrograms per day \((\mu \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{d})\) of total folate (dietary plus supplemental) had a decreased risk of hypertension compared with those who consumed less than \(200 \mu \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{d} .\) (Source: "Folate intake and the risk of incident hypertension among US Women," John P. Forman, MD; Eric B. Rimm, ScD; Meir J. Stampfer, MD; Gary C. Curhan, MD, ScD; Journal of the American Medical Association \(293(2005): 320-329)\)

A school board at a local community college is considering raising the student services fees. The board wants to obtain the opinion of the student body before proceeding. Design a sampling method to obtain the individuals in the sample. Be sure to support your choice.

Identify the type of sampling used. A farmer divides his orchard into 50 subsections, randomly selects \(4,\) and samples all the trees within the 4 subsections to approximate the yield of his orchard.

A researcher has recruited 20 volunteers to participate in a study. The researcher wishes to measure the effect of alcohol on an individual's reaction time. The 20 volunteers are randomly divided into two groups. Group 1 will serve as a control group in which participants drink four 1 -ounce cups of a liquid that looks, smells, and tastes like alcohol in 15 -minute increments. Group 2 will serve as an experimental group in which participants drink four 1-ounce cups of 80-proof alcohol in 15 -minute increments. After drinking the last 1- ounce cup, the participants sit for 20 minutes. After the 20-minute resting period, the reaction time to a stimulus is measured. (a) What type of experimental design is this? (b) Use Table I in Appendix A or a random-number generator to divide the 20 volunteers into groups 1 and 2 by assigning the volunteers a number between 1 and 20. Then randomly select 10 numbers between 1 and 20. The individuals corresponding to these numbers will go into group \(1 .\)
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