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When we talk about 'likelihood,' we are referring to how likely an event is to occur. In simpler terms, it's the chance of something happening.
For example, if you toss a coin, there is a likelihood of 50% (or 0.5) for it to land on heads and the same for tails.
In our original problem, the likelihood that a randomly generated last digit of a phone number is zero is given as 1 in 10.
This means that out of 10 attempts, we expect zero to appear once. Converting this into a fraction, we get \(\frac{1}{10}\).
To understand likelihood better, always remember:

• Likelihood ranges from 0 to 1.
• 0 means the event will never happen.
• 1 means the event will always happen.

Converting fractions to decimals is an essential skill, especially in probability calculations.
In our example, we have the fraction \(\frac{1}{10}\). To convert this into a decimal:

• Divide the numerator (1) by the denominator (10).

Performing the division, we get: \(\frac{1}{10} = 0.1\).

Decimals make it easier to understand and compare probabilities. Here are a few more examples for practice:

• \(\frac{1}{2} = 0.5\)
• \(\frac{3}{4} = 0.75\)
• \(\frac{2}{5} = 0.4\)

Remember:

• Sometimes the division will result in a repeating decimal, like \(\frac{1}{3} = 0.333...\).
• You can round repeating decimals for simplicity if needed.

Random number generation is a common technique in computer science, used for various purposes like simulations, cryptography, and statistical sampling.
Our exercise uses random number generation to decide the last digit of a phone number for a survey.
Here's a quick guide on how random number generation works:

• Computers use algorithms that produce sequences of numbers that appear random.
• Pseudo-random number generators (PRNGs) are widely used because they are fast and sufficient for most uses.
• True random number generators (TRNGs) use physical processes to generate randomness, like electronic noise.

In our case, the computer generates numbers between 0 and 9 with equal probability, giving each digit (including 0) a \(10\%\) chance.
This is why the likelihood of getting a zero is \(\frac{1}{10}\) or \(0.1\) in decimal form.
Always remember: Random number generation is an integral tool for making unbiased decisions and for various applications in computer programming.