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Evaluate the line integral, where \(C\) is the given curve. $$\begin{array}{l}{\int_{C} x y z d s} \\ {C : x=2 \sin t, y=t, z=-2 \cos t, 0 \leqslant t \leqslant \pi}\end{array}$$

Short Answer

Expert verified
\(\pi\sqrt{5}\)

Step by step solution

01

Parameterize the Curve

The given curve is parameterized by the given equations: \(x = 2\sin t, y = t, z = -2\cos t\). The interval for \(t\) is \(0 \leq t \leq \pi\).
02

Calculate the Derivative of the Position Vector

The position vector \(\mathbf{r}(t)\) in terms of \(t\) is \(\mathbf{r}(t) = \langle 2\sin t, t, -2\cos t \rangle\). The derivative \(\mathbf{r}'(t) = \langle 2\cos t, 1, 2\sin t \rangle\).
03

Compute the Differential Arc Length \(ds\)

The differential arc length \(ds\) is calculated as \(ds = \left\| \mathbf{r}'(t) \right\| dt\). This gives us \(ds = \sqrt{(2\cos t)^2 + 1^2 + (2\sin t)^2} dt = \sqrt{4\cos^2 t + 1 + 4\sin^2 t} dt = \sqrt{5} dt\).
04

Substitute and Evaluate the Integral

Substitute \(x = 2\sin t\), \(y = t\), \(z = -2\cos t\), and \(ds = \sqrt{5} dt\) into the integral: \[ \int_{C} x y z ds = \int_{0}^{\pi} (2\sin t)(t)(-2\cos t) \sqrt{5} dt \] Simplify and evaluate:\[ \int_{0}^{\pi} -4\sqrt{5} t \sin t \cos t dt = -4\sqrt{5} \int_{0}^{\pi} t \sin t \cos t dt \]Using the identity \(\sin t \cos t = \frac{1}{2} \sin(2t)\), rewrite the expression: \[ -2\sqrt{5} \int_{0}^{\pi} t \sin(2t) dt \]Apply integration by parts. Let \(u = t\), \(dv = \sin(2t) dt\) which gives \(du = dt\), \(v = -\frac{1}{2}\cos(2t)\). Integrate by parts:\[ -2\sqrt{5} \left( \left. -\frac{t}{2}\cos(2t) \right|_{0}^{\pi} + \frac{1}{2} \int_{0}^{\pi} \cos(2t) dt \right) \] Compute the evaluated terms:\[ \left. -\frac{t}{2}\cos(2t) \right|_{0}^{\pi} = -\frac{\pi}{2}\cos(2\pi) + \frac{0}{2}\cos(0) = -\frac{\pi}{2} \]\[ \frac{1}{2}\int_{0}^{\pi} \cos(2t) dt = \frac{1}{4}\left(\sin(2t)\right)_{0}^{\pi} = 0 \]The integral evaluates to: \[-2\sqrt{5} \left( -\frac{\pi}{2} + 0 \right) = \pi\sqrt{5}\]
05

Conclusion

The value of the line integral is \(\pi\sqrt{5}\).

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Parameterization
In the context of a line integral, parameterization is the method of describing a curve with respect to a parameter, usually denoted as \( t \). It simplifies the process of determining a line integral over a curve by transforming a multidimensional function into a single-variable one. In our exercise, the curve is parameterized by the equations \( x = 2\sin t \), \( y = t \), and \( z = -2\cos t \).

Parameterization serves the important role of converting the complex geometry of curves into simpler representations across a defined interval, in this instance from \( t = 0 \) to \( t = \pi \).
  • This step involves defining each component of the curve — namely, the \( x \), \( y \), and \( z \) coordinates — using a single variable \( t \).
  • The benefit of this conversion is evident when calculating derivatives and integrals, as it facilitates easier calculations.
The flexibility of parameterization allows for any curve to be approached with a variety of techniques, making it a versatile tool in calculus.
Arc Length
The arc length is a measure of distance along curved paths, crucial for evaluating line integrals. In this method, we compute the length of the curve defined by our parameterization. For our problem, it requires calculating the differential arc length \( ds \).

Begin by forming the position vector \( \mathbf{r}(t) = \langle 2\sin t, t, -2\cos t \rangle \) and then find its derivative \( \mathbf{r}'(t) = \langle 2\cos t, 1, 2\sin t \rangle \).
  • The formula for differential arc length is given by \( ds = \left\| \mathbf{r}'(t) \right\| dt \), which reveals the infinitesimal change in length along the curve.
  • Substituting in our specific derivatives, we compute \( ds = \sqrt{4\cos^2 t + 1 + 4\sin^2 t} dt = \sqrt{5} dt \).
This simplification allows the integration process to proceed with ease, linking the physical concept of length with mathematical operations.
Integration by Parts
Integration by parts is an essential technique for solving integrals, especially when dealing with products of functions. In the context of line integrals, as seen in our exercise, it becomes important when encountering expressions that involve products like \( t \sin(2t) \).

The technique uses the formula \( \int u \, dv = uv - \int v \, du \), where you designate functions for \( u \) and \( dv \). In this example, let \( u = t \) and \( dv = \sin(2t) dt \).
  • From this setup, derive \( du = dt \) and \( v = -\frac{1}{2}\cos(2t) \) through direct integration.
  • Now apply the integration by parts: estimating the integral \(-2\sqrt{5} \left( \left. -\frac{t}{2}\cos(2t) \right|_{0}^{\pi} + \frac{1}{2} \int_{0}^{\pi} \cos(2t) dt \right)\).
This approach effectively breaks down a complex integral into more manageable steps, demonstrating its power to simplify and solve difficult integral problems.

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