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Chapter 1: Q 8. (page 32)
Identify and explain the significance of the three basic principles of experimental design.
Control, Randomization, and Replication are the three basic principles of experimental design.
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In Exercises 1.17-1.22, state whether the investigation in question is an observational study or a designed experiment. Justify your answer each case.
The Salk Vaccine. In the 1940s and early 1950s, the public greatly concerned about polio. In an attempt to prevent this disease, Jonas Salk of the University of Pittsburgh developed a polio vaccine. In a test of the vaccine's efficacy, involving nearly million grade-school children, half of the children received the Salk vaccine; the other half received a placebo, in this case, an injection of salt dissolved in water. Neither the children nor the doctors performing the diagnoses knew which children belonged to which group, but an evaluation center did. The center found that the incidence of polio was far less among the children inoculated with the Salk vaccine. From that information, the researchers concluded that the vaccine would be effective in preventing polio for all U.S. school children; consequently, it was made available for general use.
Oklahoma State Officials. The five top Oklahoma state officials are displayed in Table 1.2 on page 11. Use that table to solve the following problems.
(a). List the 10 possible samples (without replacement) of size 3 that can be obtained from the population of five officials.
(b). If a simple random sampling procedure is used to obtain a sample of three officials, what are the chances that it is the first sample on your list in part (a)? the second sample? the tenth sample?
Adverse Effects of Prozac. Prozac ( fluoxetine hydrochloride ), a product of Eli Lilly and Company, is used for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder ( OCD ), and bulimia nervosa. An issue of the magazine Arthritis Today contained an advertisement reporting on the " ... treatment-emergent adverse events that occurred in 2 % or more patients treated with Prozac and with incidence greater than placebo in the treatment of depression, OCD, or bulimia. " In the study, 2444 patients took Prozac and 1331 patients were given placebo. Identify the
(a) treatment group.
(b) control group.
(c) treatments.
Define the following terms:
(a) Population
(b) Sample
In Exercises 1.92-1.97, we present descriptions of designed experiments. In each case, identify the
(a) experimental units
(b) response variable
(c) factor (s)
(d) levels of each factor:-
(e) treatments.
Sexual Signals. In a study by A. Elliot et al . , titled " Women's Use of Red Clothing as a Sexual Signal in Intersexual Interaction " (Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 49, Issue 3, pp. 599-602), women were studied to determine the effect of apparel color choice based on perceived attractiveness and gender of a new acquaintance. The following experiment is based on the researchers' investigation. Women are randomly assigned to be told that they would be conversing with an attractive male, an unattractive male, an attractive female, or an unattractive female. The women must wear a standardized shirt before the conversation but can choose between red, green, and blue.
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