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Chapter 1: Q9CQQ (page 1)
Physicians鈥� Health Study In the Physicians鈥� Health Study, some of the subjects were treated with aspirin while others were given a placebo. For the subjects in this experiment, what is blinding?
Blinding for subjects is assigning either of the two treatments to them without their knowledge.
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Statistical Significance versus Practical Significance. When testing a new treatment, what is the difference between statistical significance and practical significance? Can a treatment have statistical significance but not practical significance?
In Exercises 29鈥�36, answer the given questions, which are related to percentages.
Percentages in Advertising Continental Airlines ran ads claiming that lost baggage is 鈥渁n area where we鈥檝e already improved 100% in the past six months.鈥� What is wrong with this statement?
Exercises 5鈥�8 refer to the study of an association between which ear is used for cell phone calls and whether the subject is left-handed or right-handed. The study is reported in 鈥淗emispheric Dominance and Cell Phone Use,鈥� by Seidman et al., JAMA Otolaryngology鈥� Head & Neck Surgery, Vol. 139, No. 5. The study began with a survey e-mailed to 5000 people belonging to an otology online group, and 717 surveys were returned. (Otology relates to the ear and hearing.)
Response Rate What percentage of the 5000 surveys were returned? Does that response rate appear to be low? In general, what is a problem with a very low response rate?
Statistical Significance and Practical Significance. In Exercises 13鈥�16, determine whether the results appear to have statistical significance, and also determine whether the results appear to have practical significance.
IQ Scores Most people have IQ scores between 70 and 130. For $39.99, you can purchase a PC or Mac program from HighIQPro that is claimed to increase your IQ score by 10 to 20 points. The program claims to be 鈥渢he only proven IQ increasing software in the brain training market,鈥� but the author of your text could find no data supporting that claim, so let鈥檚 suppose that these results were obtained: In a study of 12 subjects using the program, the average increase in IQ score is 3 IQ points. There is a 25% chance of getting such results if the program has no effect.
In Exercises 29鈥�32,identify the level of measurement of the data as nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio. Also, explain what is wrong with the given calculation.
Temperatures As this exercise is being written, it is 80oF at the author鈥檚 home and it is 40掳F in Auckland, New Zealand, so it is twice as warm at the author鈥檚 home as it is in Auckland, New Zealand.
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