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Degrees of Freedom

For Example 1 on page 431, we used df\( = \)smaller of\({n_1} - 1\)and\({n_2} - 1\), we got\(df = 11\), and the corresponding critical values are\(t = \pm 2.201.\)If we calculate df using Formula 9-1, we get\(df = 19.063\), and the corresponding critical values are\( \pm 2.093\). How is using the critical values of\(t = \pm 2.201\)more 鈥渃onservative鈥 than using the critical values of\( \pm 2.093\).

Short Answer

Expert verified

The formula used is simpler and less accurate as compared to the formula 9-1.

Step by step solution

01

Given information

The formula used for degree of freedom of mean is:

\(df = \min \left( {{n_1} - 1,{n_2} - 1} \right)\) , the results are:

\({\rm{df}} = 11\), critical values \(t = \pm 2.201\)

The formula used for degree of freedom for comparison of mean is: \(df = \frac{{{{\left( {\frac{{s_1^2}}{{{n_1}}} + \frac{{s_2^2}}{{{n_2}}}} \right)}^2}}}{{\frac{{{{\left( {\frac{{s_1^2}}{{{n_1}}}} \right)}^2}}}{{{n_1} - 1}} + \frac{{{{\left( {\frac{{s_2^2}}{{{n_2}}}} \right)}^2}}}{{{n_1} - 1}}}}\) , the results are:

When\({\rm{df}} = 19.63\), critical values \(t = \pm 2.093\)

02

Explanation of the statement

The formula used to obtain the critical value 2.093 is obtained accurately:

The simpler formula \(df = \min \left( {{n_1} - 1,{n_2} - 1} \right)\) can be used more easily and flexibly but may not be that accurate to give results.

Hence, the critical value obtained using \(df = \min \left( {{n_1} - 1,{n_2} - 1} \right)\) is more conservative than the ones computed with another formula.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Eyewitness Accuracy of Police Does stress affect the recall ability of police eyewitnesses? This issue was studied in an experiment that tested eyewitness memory a week after a nonstressful interrogation of a cooperative suspect and a stressful interrogation of an uncooperative and belligerent suspect. The numbers of details recalled a week after the incident were recorded, and the summary statistics are given below (based on data from 鈥淓yewitness Memory of Police Trainees for Realistic Role Plays,鈥 by Yuille et al., Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 79, No. 6). Use a 0.01 significance level to test the claim in the article that 鈥渟tress decreases the amount recalled.鈥

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E=z2p1q1n1+p2q2n2

Replace n1andn2 by n in the preceding formula (assuming that both samples have the same size) and replace each of role="math" localid="1649424190272" p1,q1,p2andq2by 0.5 (because their values are not known). Solving for n results in this expression:

n=z222E2

Use this expression to find the size of each sample if you want to estimate the difference between the proportions of men and women who own smartphones. Assume that you want 95% confidence that your error is no more than 0.03.

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