Chapter 7: Problem 42
For the following exercises, solve a system using the inverse of a \(3 \times 3\) matrix. $$ \begin{aligned} &0.1 x+0.2 y+0.3 z=-1.4\\\ &0.1 x-0.2 y+0.3 z=0.6\\\ &0.4 y+0.9 z=-2 \end{aligned} $$
Short Answer
Expert verified
Solve by finding the inverse matrix and multiplying by the constant vector to find \( x, y, z \).
Step by step solution
01
Write the system in matrix form
Let's represent the system of equations as a matrix equation of the form \( A\mathbf{x} = \mathbf{b} \). Here,\[A = \begin{pmatrix} 0.1 & 0.2 & 0.3 \ 0.1 & -0.2 & 0.3 \ 0 & 0.4 & 0.9 \end{pmatrix}, \quad \mathbf{x} = \begin{pmatrix} x \ y \ z \end{pmatrix}, \quad \mathbf{b} = \begin{pmatrix} -1.4 \ 0.6 \ -2 \end{pmatrix} \]
02
Find the inverse of matrix A
Calculate the inverse \( A^{-1} \) of the matrix \( A \). First, compute the determinant of \( A \). Then, find the adjoint of \( A \) and divide each element by the determinant. The determinant can be calculated by using the formula for a 3x3 matrix.
03
Verify if A is invertible
Calculate the determinant of \( A \) using the formula \(\det(A) = a(ei − fh) − b(di − fg) + c(dh − eg)\), where \( a = 0.1 \), \( b = 0.2 \), \( c = 0.3 \), \( d = 0.1 \), \( e = -0.2 \), \( f = 0.3 \), \( g = 0 \), \( h = 0.4 \), and \( i = 0.9 \). If \( \det(A) eq 0 \), then \( A \) is invertible.
04
Compute the determinant of A
\[ \det(A) = 0.1((-0.2)(0.9) - (0.3)(0.4)) - 0.2((0.1)(0.9) - (0.3)(0)) + 0.3((0.1)(0.4) - (-0.2)(0)) \]\[ \det(A) = 0.1(-0.18 - 0.12) - 0.2(0.09) + 0.3(0.04) \]\[ \det(A) = 0.1(-0.3) - 0.018 + 0.012 \]\[ \det(A) = -0.03 - 0.018 + 0.012 = -0.036 \]Thus, the determinant is \( -0.036 \), and \( A \) is invertible.
05
Calculate the inverse of A using adjugate method
Calculate the adjugate of \( A \) and then the inverse \( A^{-1} = \frac{1}{\det(A)} \text{adj}(A) \). Find each minor, cofactor, and then adjugate by transposing the cofactor matrix. Divide by the determinant calculated previously.
06
Solve for \( \mathbf{x} \) using \( A^{-1} \mathbf{b} \)
Multiply the inverse matrix \( A^{-1} \) by the vector \( \mathbf{b} \) to find \( \mathbf{x} \). This will give you the values for \( x \), \( y \), and \( z \). Carry out the matrix multiplication to complete this.
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Key Concepts
These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.
Inverse of a Matrix
To solve a system of equations using matrices, we often need to find the inverse of a matrix. The inverse of a matrix, denoted as \( A^{-1} \), is a matrix that, when multiplied by the original matrix \( A \), results in the identity matrix. This property can be crucial for solving linear equations in matrix form.
- First, ensure that your matrix is square. In this case, a 3x3 matrix fits this requirement.
- Next, calculate its determinant. A matrix has an inverse only if its determinant is not zero.
- If the determinant is not zero, calculate the adjugate matrix and divide by the determinant to get the inverse.
Determinant Calculation
The determinant is a special number that can be calculated from a square matrix. For a 3x3 matrix, the determinant helps in assessing whether the matrix is invertible. A non-zero determinant indicates that a matrix is possibly invertible, while a zero determinant means it is not.
The formula for a 3x3 matrix determinant \( det(A) \) with elements \( a_{11}, a_{12}, ..., a_{33} \) is:\[ det(A) = a(ei − fh) − b(di − fg) + c(dh − eg)\]Each of these terms represents the product of elements and the difference between minor determinants. Breaking it down further can make sure you totally grasp the idea:
The formula for a 3x3 matrix determinant \( det(A) \) with elements \( a_{11}, a_{12}, ..., a_{33} \) is:\[ det(A) = a(ei − fh) − b(di − fg) + c(dh − eg)\]Each of these terms represents the product of elements and the difference between minor determinants. Breaking it down further can make sure you totally grasp the idea:
- Identify your elements in the matrix. Assign arbitrary names like \( a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i \) for each in sequence.
- Plug these into the formula, ensuring careful arithmetic and attention to negative signs.
Matrix Equation
A matrix equation is an efficient way to represent and solve linear systems of equations. For the given system, it can be written in the form \( A\mathbf{x} = \mathbf{b} \), where:
Two matrices are multiplied by taking the dot product of rows and columns. Once \( A^{-1}\mathbf{b} \) is calculated, you obtain \( \mathbf{x} \), giving the solutions for the variables \( x, y, z \) in the system.
- \( A \) is a matrix representing the coefficients of the variables in the equations.
- \( \mathbf{x} \) is the vector of the unknowns \( x, y, z \).
- \( \mathbf{b} \) is the vector representing the solutions on the right-hand side.
Two matrices are multiplied by taking the dot product of rows and columns. Once \( A^{-1}\mathbf{b} \) is calculated, you obtain \( \mathbf{x} \), giving the solutions for the variables \( x, y, z \) in the system.
3x3 Matrices
A 3x3 matrix is a grid of numbers with 3 rows and 3 columns, often used in linear algebra to solve systems of equations involving three variables. These matrices provide a structured method to solve complex equations.
When engaging with 3x3 matrices, keep these points in mind:
When engaging with 3x3 matrices, keep these points in mind:
- A 3x3 matrix is particularly useful when dealing with three variables due to its size and form.
- Matrix operations such as finding the inverse, determinant, and multiplication follow specific rules.
- Each position in the matrix is significant, and changes in the elements affect the solution.
- Creating the matrix from given equations.
- Finding the determinant and maybe its inverse.
- Solving the matrix equation system.