/*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} Problem 30 Evaluate the following integrals... [FREE SOLUTION] | 91Ó°ÊÓ

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Evaluate the following integrals using integration by parts. $$\int e^{-2 \theta} \sin 6 \theta d \theta$$

Short Answer

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Question: Evaluate the integral \(\int e^{-2 \theta} \sin 6 \theta d \theta\). Answer: \(\int e^{-2 \theta} \sin 6 \theta d \theta = -\frac{1}{20} e^{-2 \theta}\sin 6\theta - \frac{3}{20} e^{-2\theta}\cos 6\theta + C\)

Step by step solution

01

Choose u and dv

Choose \(u\) and \(dv\) as follows: $$u = \sin 6 \theta$$ $$dv = e^{-2 \theta} d\theta$$
02

Calculate du and v

Differentiate \(u\) and integrate \(dv\) to obtain \(du\) and \(v\): $$du = \frac{d(\sin 6 \theta)}{d\theta} d\theta = 6\cos 6 \theta d\theta$$ $$v = \int e^{-2 \theta} d\theta = -\frac{1}{2} e^{-2 \theta}$$
03

Apply integration by parts formula

Using the integration by parts formula, \(\int u dv = uv - \int v du\), we can write the given integral as follows: $$\int e^{-2 \theta} \sin 6 \theta d \theta = \left[-\frac{1}{2} e^{-2 \theta}\sin 6\theta\right] - \int -\frac{1}{2} e^{-2 \theta}(6\cos 6 \theta) d\theta$$
04

Simplify the integral

Simplify the integral and apply integration by parts again: $$\int e^{-2 \theta} \sin 6 \theta d\theta = -\frac{1}{2} e^{-2 \theta}\sin 6\theta + 3\int e^{-2 \theta}\cos 6\theta d\theta$$ Now, let \(u_2 = \cos 6\theta\) and \(dv_2 = e^{-2\theta} d\theta\): $$du_2 = -6\sin 6\theta d\theta$$ $$v_2 = -\frac{1}{2} e^{-2 \theta}$$ Apply the integration by parts formula again: $$3\int e^{-2 \theta}\cos 6\theta d\theta = 3\left[-\frac{1}{2} e^{-2\theta}\cos 6\theta - \int -\frac{1}{2} e^{-2 \theta}(-6\sin6\theta) d\theta\right]$$
05

Simplify and combine the results

Simplify the integral and combine the results: $$\int e^{-2 \theta} \sin 6 \theta d \theta = -\frac{1}{2} e^{-2 \theta}\sin 6\theta - \frac{3}{2} e^{-2\theta}\cos 6\theta - 9\int e^{-2\theta} \sin 6\theta d\theta$$ Notice that the integral on the right-hand side is the same as the integral we started with. Let \(I = \int e^{-2 \theta} \sin 6 \theta d \theta\). Then we have: $$I = -\frac{1}{2} e^{-2 \theta}\sin 6\theta - \frac{3}{2} e^{-2\theta}\cos 6\theta - 9I$$ Combine the terms involving I: $$10I = -\frac{1}{2} e^{-2 \theta}\sin 6\theta - \frac{3}{2} e^{-2\theta}\cos 6\theta$$ Finally, divide by 10 to obtain the result for the integral: $$I = \int e^{-2 \theta} \sin 6 \theta d \theta = -\frac{1}{20} e^{-2 \theta}\sin 6\theta - \frac{3}{20} e^{-2\theta}\cos 6\theta + C$$ where \(C\) is the constant of integration.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Trigonometric Integrals
Trigonometric integrals often involve integration of functions combining sine and cosine with a variable. In the problem given, we are dealing with both sine and cosine due to the presence of the trigonometric function \( \sin 6\theta \). Understanding how to differentiate these functions is crucial. For example, the derivative of \( \sin 6\theta \) with respect to \( \theta \) is \( 6\cos 6\theta \).

Why 6? That's because of the chain rule in differentiation, where we multiply by the derivative of the inside function (6 in this case). These small details are key in solving such integrals. It is also important to use identities or transformation techniques to simplify these expressions where necessary, especially in complex integrals that might otherwise be difficult to solve.
Exponential Functions
Exponential functions exhibit a unique behavior during integration and differentiation. Consider the exponential part \( e^{-2\theta} \) in our problem. When integrating \( e^{-2\theta} \), we consider the rule \( \int e^{ax} \, dx = \frac{1}{a}e^{ax} + C \). Applying this, we get \( -\frac{1}{2}e^{-2\theta} \).

This approach helps take care of the constant factor resulting from differentiating the exponent. In solving integrals involving exponential functions, keeping track of these constants is essential, as missing them can lead to incorrect results. Additionally, when combined with other functions, these rules must work harmoniously within the integration process.
Integration Techniques
Integration by parts is a powerful technique that transforms complex integrals into simpler ones. The strategy uses the formula \( \int u \, dv = uv - \int v \, du \). In this problem, the functions are strategically chosen: let \( u = \sin 6\theta \) and \( dv = e^{-2\theta} d\theta \).

Differentiate \( u \) to get \( du = 6 \cos 6\theta \) and integrate \( dv \), resulting in \( v = -\frac{1}{2} e^{-2\theta} \). Applying integration by parts reduces the integral into a form that's either easily solvable or requires another round of integration by parts. A systematic, iterative approach often simplifies challenging integrals. In complex integrals, sometimes repeating the process, or breaking down the integral into smaller segments, reveals a solution path effectively.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Estimating error Refer to Theorem 8.1 in the following exercises. Let \(f(x)=\sqrt{x^{3}+1}\) a. Find a Midpoint Rule approximation to \(\int_{1}^{6} \sqrt{x^{3}+1} d x\) using \(n=50\) subintervals. b. Calculate \(f^{\prime \prime}(x)\) c. Use the fact that \(f^{\text {- }}\) is decreasing and positive on [1,6] to show that \(\left|f^{*}(x)\right| \leq 15 /(8 \sqrt{2})\) on [1,6] d. Use Theorem 8.1 to find an upper bound on the absolute error in the estimate found in part (a).

An important function in statistics is the Gaussian (or normal distribution, or bell-shaped curve), \(f(x)=e^{-a x^{2}}\) a. Graph the Gaussian for \(a=0.5,1,\) and 2. b. Given that \(\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{-a x^{2}} d x=\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{a}},\) compute the area under the curves in part (a). c. Complete the square to evaluate \(\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{-\left(a x^{2}+b x+c\right)} d x,\) where \(a>0, b,\) and \(c\) are real numbers.

Evaluate the following improper integrals (Putnam Exam, 1939 ). a. \(\int_{1}^{3} \frac{d x}{\sqrt{(x-1)(3-x)}} \quad\) b. \(\int_{1}^{\infty} \frac{d x}{e^{x+1}+e^{3-x}}\)

Let \(a>0\) and \(b\) be real numbers. Use integration to confirm the following identities. (See Exercise 73 of Section 8.2) a. \(\int_{0}^{\infty} e^{-a x} \cos b x d x=\frac{a}{a^{2}+b^{2}}\) b. \(\int_{0}^{\infty} e^{-a x} \sin b x d x=\frac{b}{a^{2}+b^{2}}\)

Trapezoid Rule and Simpson's Rule Consider the following integrals and the given values of \(n .\) a. Find the Trapezoid Rule approximations to the integral using \(n\) and \(2 n\) subintervals. b. Find the Simpson's Rule approximation to the integral using \(2 n\) subintervals. It is easiest to obtain Simpson's Rule approximations from the Trapezoid Rule approximations, as in Example \(8 .\) c. Compute the absolute errors in the Trapezoid Rule and Simpson's Rule with \(2 n\) subintervals. $$\int_{0}^{1} e^{2 x} d x, n=25$$

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