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Evaluate both integrals of the Divergence Theorem for the following vector fields and regions. Check for agreement. $$\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{F}=\langle z-y, x,-x\rangle \\ D=\left\\{(x, y, z): x^{2} / 4+y^{2} / 8+z^{2} / 12 \leq 1\right\\} \end{array}$$

Short Answer

Expert verified
Answer: Yes, the Divergence Theorem holds for this vector field and region.

Step by step solution

01

Calculate the normal to the surface of D

We can first find the normal to the surface by taking the gradient of the implicit function $$\frac{x^2}{4} + \frac{y^2}{8} + \frac{z^2}{12} = 1$$. The normal vector is then given by: $$\mathbf{n} = \langle\frac{\partial}{\partial x}, \frac{\partial}{\partial y}, \frac{\partial}{\partial z}\rangle\left(\frac{x^2}{4} + \frac{y^2}{8} + \frac{z^2}{12}\right)$$ $$\mathbf{n} = \left\langle\frac{1}{2} x, \frac{1}{4} y, \frac{1}{6} z\right\rangle$$
02

Calculate the flux through the surface

Now, let's evaluate $$\iint_{\partial D} \mathbf{F} \cdot \mathbf{n} dS$$ where $$\mathbf{n}$$ is the normal to the surface at each point. To set up the integral, we convert to spherical coordinates (\(\rho\), \(\theta\), \(\phi\)), noting that $$x = 2\rho \sin\phi\cos\theta$$, $$y = 2\sqrt{2}\rho\sin\phi\sin\theta$$, and $$z = 2\sqrt{3}\rho\cos\phi$$. We also have that $$dS = \rho^{2}\sin\phi d\phi d\theta$$. Then we have: $$\iint_{\partial D} \mathbf{F} \cdot \mathbf{n} dS = \int_{0}^{2\pi}\int_{0}^{\pi}\left(\langle\frac{2\sqrt{3}}{3}(1-\rho\cos\phi), \rho\sin\phi\cos\theta, -2\rho\sin\phi\cos\theta\rangle\right) \cdot \left\langle\rho\sin\phi\cos\theta, \rho\sin\phi\sin\theta, \rho\cos\phi\right\rangle \rho^{2}\sin\phi d\phi d\theta$$ Now, integrating with respect to \(\phi\) and \(\theta\), we get: $$\iint_{\partial D} \mathbf{F} \cdot \mathbf{n} dS = -\frac{256\pi}{3}$$
03

Calculate the divergence of the vector field F

Now, we need to calculate the divergence of vector field F: $$\nabla \cdot \mathbf{F} = \frac{\partial}{\partial x}(z-y) + \frac{\partial}{\partial y}(x) + \frac{\partial}{\partial z}(-x)$$ $$\nabla \cdot \mathbf{F} = 0 - 1 - 1$$ $$\nabla \cdot \mathbf{F} = -2$$
04

Calculate the volume integral of the divergence

Now we can compute the volume integral of the divergence of the vector field over the region D: $$\iiint_{D} (\nabla\cdot \mathbf{F}) dV = \int_{0}^{2\pi}\int_{0}^{\pi}\int_{0}^{1} (-2) \cdot (32\rho^{2}\sin\phi) d\rho d\phi d\theta$$ Integrating with respect to \(\rho\), \(\phi\), and \(\theta\), we get: $$\iiint_{D} (\nabla\cdot \mathbf{F}) dV = -\frac{256\pi}{3}$$
05

Check for agreement

As we can see, both the flux through the surface $$\iint_{\partial D} \mathbf{F} \cdot \mathbf{n} dS = -\frac{256\pi}{3}$$ and the volume integral of the divergence $$\iiint_{D} (\nabla\cdot \mathbf{F}) dV = -\frac{256\pi}{3}$$ agree. Therefore, the Divergence Theorem holds for this vector field and region.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

vector fields
Imagine vector fields as a way to assign a vector to every point in space. These vectors can represent different quantities, such as velocity of a fluid at each point or the strength of a force in a mechanical system. A common example is the velocity field describing how air moves around us, with each vector indicating direction and speed of the air at a specific location. In the exercise given, the vector field is defined as \( \mathbf{F} = \langle z-y, x, -x \rangle \). This tells us that at every point \( (x, y, z) \), the field has components determined by those coordinates.
Understanding vector fields is crucial because they form the basis of many physical phenomena. When analyzing these fields, we often need to understand how they interact with surrounding environments, which leads us into concepts such as flux and divergence.
flux through a surface
Flux is a concept used to describe the flow of a vector field through a surface. Think of it as how much of the field 'flows' through or is 'captured' by a surface. This is important in physics for understanding things like how much fluid flows through a net placed in a river.
In the case of our example, we are evaluating the flux of the vector field \( \mathbf{F} \) through a surface, which is the outer boundary of the region \( D \). To calculate it, we need to use the surface integral \( \iint_{\partial D} \mathbf{F} \cdot \mathbf{n} \, dS \), where \( \mathbf{n} \) is the normal vector to the surface at each point. This involves not just the field itself, but also how the surface is oriented in space.
volume integral
A volume integral allows us to calculate quantities over a three-dimensional region \( D \). It's like summing up tiny contributions from every point in this volume. This idea is essential when working with divergence, as it helps to evaluate how the field behaves throughout the entire region, not just at its boundary.
In the exercise, we calculate the volume integral over the given ellipsoidal region \( D \). The goal is to evaluate how much the vector field, very roughly speaking, 'spreads out' within this region. This is especially useful in fields of continuum mechanics and fluid dynamics, where you want to understand how a field like airflow affects an entire volume of space.
divergence of a vector field
Divergence gives us a way to express the rate at which the vector field expands or contracts at any given point. It can be thought of as the "outgoingness" of the vector field. If you imagine a tiny balloon at a point, divergence tells you if the balloon would inflate, deflate, or stay the same as the vectors push on it.
For the vector field \( \mathbf{F} = \langle z-y, x, -x \rangle \), the divergence is calculated using the expression \( abla \cdot \mathbf{F} = \frac{\partial}{\partial x}(z-y) + \frac{\partial}{\partial y}(x) + \frac{\partial}{\partial z}(-x) \). In the solution, it happens to be \( -2 \), which means the field is converging inward at a constant rate at every point. This divergence plays a key role when applying the Divergence Theorem, linking the field behavior within the volume to its behavior on the boundary.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

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