/*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} Problem 46 Determine whether the following ... [FREE SOLUTION] | 91Ó°ÊÓ

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Determine whether the following series converge absolutely, converge conditionally, or diverge. $$\sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^{k}}{\sqrt{k}}$$

Short Answer

Expert verified
Answer: The given series converges conditionally.

Step by step solution

01

Test for Absolute Convergence

First, let's find the absolute value of the terms in the series: $$\left| \frac{(-1)^{k}}{\sqrt{k}} \right| = \frac{1}{\sqrt{k}}$$ Now, we have a new non-alternating series: $$\sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{\sqrt{k}}$$ We can use the p-series test to see if the series converges. A p-series is given by the formula: $$\sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{k^p}$$ where p is a constant. If $$p > 1$$, the series converges, and if $$p \leq 1$$, the series diverges. In our case, we have $$p = \frac{1}{2}$$. Since $$\frac{1}{2} \leq 1$$, the new series diverges. Therefore, our original series does not converge absolutely.
02

Test for Conditional Convergence

Since the original series did not converge absolutely, let's test for conditional convergence using the Alternating Series Test. An alternating series is defined as: $$\sum_{k=1}^{\infty} (-1)^{k} a_k$$ where $$a_k > 0$$. The Alternating Series Test states that the series converges if: 1. $$a_{k+1} \leq a_k$$ for all k. 2. $$\lim_{k\to\infty} a_k = 0$$ Our original series is an alternating series with $$a_k = \frac{1}{\sqrt{k}}$$. Let's check the two conditions: 1. $$\frac{1}{\sqrt{k+1}} \leq \frac{1}{\sqrt{k}}$$ for all k. This condition is met because as k increases, the denominator of$$\frac{1}{\sqrt{k}}$$ also increases, resulting in a smaller fraction. 2. $$\lim_{k\to\infty} \frac{1}{\sqrt{k}} = 0$$ This limit approaches zero as k goes to infinity. Therefore, the second condition is also met. Since both conditions are met, the Alternating Series Test tells us that the original series converges conditionally.
03

Conclusion

The given series $$\sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^{k}}{\sqrt{k}}$$ converges conditionally, since it does not converge absolutely but meets the conditions for the Alternating Series Test.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Absolute Convergence
When dealing with infinite series, one of the key concepts is absolute convergence. A series is said to be absolutely convergent if the series formed by taking the absolute values of its terms is also convergent.

Consider the series \[ \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} a_k \.\] It is absolutely convergent if \[ \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} |a_k| \.\] converges. Why is absolute convergence important? Because an absolutely convergent series can be rearranged in any order without changing its sum, which is not always true for series that are not absolutely convergent.

For our exercise \[ \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^{k}}{\sqrt{k}} \.\] the absolute series is \[ \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{\sqrt{k}} \.\], a p-series with \( p = \frac{1}{2} \), which diverges. So, the given series does not exhibit absolute convergence.
Conditional Convergence
In contrast to absolute convergence, conditional convergence occurs when a series converges, but the series of absolute values diverges. Technically, it's a middle ground where although the original series somehow manages to converge, it does so without the robustness of absolute convergence.

In the case of the series \[ \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^{k}}{\sqrt{k}} \.\], it fails to be absolutely convergent, as shown in the previous section. However, we can still find out if it converges conditionally. To do this, we turn to another test, like the Alternating Series Test, which is particularly designed for series with alternating positive and negative terms.

If a series passes this test, we can conclude that it's conditionally convergent. This is precisely the case with our example, where, although the series of absolute terms diverges, the original series with alternating terms converges.
Alternating Series Test
The Alternating Series Test is specifically tailored for series with alternating terms, typically of the form \[ \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} (-1)^{k} a_k \], where \( a_k > 0 \). The test provides a straightforward way to determine the convergence of such series.

To apply the test, the following two conditions must hold:
  • The sequence \( a_k \) must be decreasing: \( a_{k+1} \leq a_k \)
  • The sequence must tend to zero: \( \lim_{k\to\infty} a_k = 0 \)
If both conditions are met, the series is said to converge. When applying this test to our example series, we find that both conditions are satisfied: the terms \( \frac{1}{\sqrt{k}} \) are decreasing and approach zero as \( k \) goes to infinity. Therefore, the series passes the Alternating Series Test, indicating that it converges conditionally.
P-Series Test
The p-series test is a simple method to determine the convergence of series of the form \[ \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{k^p} \.\] The value of \( p \) plays a crucial role in the convergence of a p-series.

The rule is quite straightforward:
  • If \( p > 1 \), the series converges.
  • If \( p \leq 1 \), the series diverges.
When testing for absolute convergence in our exercise, we applied the p-series test to \[ \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{\sqrt{k}} \], which corresponds to \( p = \frac{1}{2} \). Since \( p \leq 1 \), the series does not meet the criteria for convergence provided by the p-series test, leading us to conclude that the absolute series diverges, as mentioned earlier.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

A fishery manager knows that her fish population naturally increases at a rate of \(1.5 \%\) per month. At the end of each month, 120 fish are harvested. Let \(F_{n}\) be the fish population after the \(n\) th month, where \(F_{0}=4000\) fish. Assume that this process continues indefinitely. Use infinite series to find the longterm (steady-state) population of the fish.

Consider the following situations that generate a sequence. a. Write out the first five terms of the sequence. b. Find an explicit formula for the terms of the sequence. c. Find a recurrence relation that generates the sequence. d. Using a calculator or a graphing utility, estimate the limit of the sequence or state that it does not exist. Jack took a \(200-\mathrm{mg}\) dose of a painkiller at midnight. Every hour, \(5 \%\) of the drug is washed out of his bloodstream. Let \(d_{n}\) be the amount of drug in Jack's blood \(n\) hours after the drug was taken, where \(d_{0}=200 \mathrm{mg}\)

James begins a savings plan in which he deposits \(\$ 100\) at the beginning of each month into an account that earns \(9 \%\) interest annually or, equivalently, \(0.75 \%\) per month. To be clear, on the first day of each month, the bank adds \(0.75 \%\) of the current balance as interest, and then James deposits \(\$ 100\). Let \(B_{n}\) be the balance in the account after the \(n\) th deposit, where \(B_{0}=\$ 0\). a. Write the first five terms of the sequence \(\left\\{B_{n}\right\\}\). b. Find a recurrence relation that generates the sequence \(\left\\{B_{n}\right\\}\). c. How many months are needed to reach a balance of \(\$ 5000 ?\)

Give an argument similar to that given in the text for the harmonic series to show that \(\sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{\sqrt{k}}\) diverges.

An early limit Working in the early 1600 s, the mathematicians Wallis, Pascal, and Fermat were calculating the area of the region under the curve \(y=x^{p}\) between \(x=0\) and \(x=1,\) where \(p\) is a positive integer. Using arguments that predated the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, they were able to prove that $$\lim _{n \rightarrow \infty} \frac{1}{n} \sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\left(\frac{k}{n}\right)^{p}=\frac{1}{p+1}$$ Use what you know about Riemann sums and integrals to verify this limit.

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