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Determine whether the following series converge absolutely, converge conditionally, or diverge. $$\sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^{k}}{k^{2 / 3}}$$

Short Answer

Expert verified
Question: Determine if the series \(\sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^{k}}{k^{2 / 3}}\) converges absolutely, converges conditionally, or diverges. Answer: The given series converges conditionally.

Step by step solution

01

Compute the absolute value of the series terms

First, let's consider the absolute value of the terms in the series: $$ a_k = \left|\frac{(-1)^k}{k^{2/3}}\right| = \frac{1}{k^{2/3}} $$
02

Apply the Absolute Convergence Test

Now we will test for absolute convergence. To do so, we want to examine the series formed by the absolute values of the terms in our given series: $$ \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} a_k = \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{k^{2/3}} $$ To determine if the series converges or diverges, we can apply the p-series test, as it looks like a p-series. A p-series converges if the p value is greater than 1: $$ \text{p-series}: \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{k^p} $$ In our case, p = 2/3. Since p < 1, the series diverges. Thus, the given series does not converge absolutely.
03

Apply the Alternating Series Test (AST)

Since the series does not converge absolutely, we will check for conditional convergence using the Alternating Series Test. The AST states that a series converges if it meets two criteria: 1. The sequence of absolute values of terms, \(\{a_k\}\), is decreasing. 2. The limit as n goes to infinity of the absolute values of terms is 0: \(\lim_{k\rightarrow\infty} a_k = 0\). We already have our sequence of absolute values from Step 1. To check the first criterion, let's find \(a_{k+1}\): $$ a_{k+1} = \frac{1}{(k+1)^{2/3}} $$ Since the exponent 2/3 is positive, we can say that the sequence is decreasing. Therefore, the first criterion is satisfied. Now, let's check the second criterion by finding the limit of \(a_k\) as \(k\rightarrow\infty\): $$ \lim_{k\rightarrow\infty} a_k = \lim_{k\rightarrow\infty} \frac{1}{k^{2/3}} = 0 $$ The second criterion is also satisfied. Therefore, our given series converges conditionally by the Alternating Series Test.
04

Conclusion

The given series \(\sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^{k}}{k^{2 / 3}}\) does not converge absolutely but converges conditionally.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Absolute Convergence
Absolute convergence occurs when the series of absolute values of terms converges. In simpler words, if you make all the terms in a series positive, and that series still converges, then it converges absolutely. To check this for any given series, we need to transform all its negative values to positive and see if the series still converges.

For example, consider the series:
  • \[\sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^k}{k^{2/3}}\]
Transforming to absolute values, it becomes:
  • \[\sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{k^{2/3}}\]
This resembles a p-series, which is determined by the p-series test. Here, the p-value is \(\frac{2}{3}\). Since this p-value is less than 1, it indicates the series diverges. Hence, this particular series is not absolutely convergent.
Alternating Series Test
The Alternating Series Test (AST) is a method used to test series that have terms alternating in sign, such as positive and negative. This test can be applied to determine if the series is conditionally convergent.

To apply AST, two criteria must be satisfied:
  • The absolute values of the terms should decrease as the series progresses.
  • The limit of the terms as they approach infinity should be zero.
In the given series, \(\sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^k}{k^{2/3}}\), we first check if the absolute values decrease. If we examine terms like \(a_k = \frac{1}{k^{2/3}}\) and compare with \(a_{k+1} = \frac{1}{(k+1)^{2/3}}\), these terms indeed decrease.

Next, verify that \(\lim_{k \to \infty} \frac{1}{k^{2/3}} = 0\). Since both criteria are met, the given series converges conditionally.
P-Series Test
The p-series test is a crucial technique in determining the convergence of series that take the form:
  • \[\sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{k^p}\]
The convergence of such a series depends on the value of the parameter \(p\):
  • If \(p > 1\), the series converges.
  • If \(p \leq 1\), the series diverges.
In our example, the series transformed to check absolute convergence is \(\sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{k^{2/3}}\). Here, \(p\) equals \(\frac{2}{3}\), which is less than 1, and therefore, the series diverges. The p-series test is simple yet powerful for evaluating series convergence.
Conditional Convergence
Sometimes, a series does not converge absolutely, yet it still converges under specific conditions, known as conditional convergence. A conditionally convergent series is one that converges when its alternating signs are involved, but diverges if you make all terms positive.

In our investigation of the series \(\sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^k}{k^{2/3}}\), we found that:
  • The absolute series \(\sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{k^{2/3}}\) diverges, meaning the series is not absolutely convergent.
  • However, applying the Alternating Series Test showed that the series does converge if we consider the alternation in sign.
This unique behavior is indicative of conditional convergence, highlighting the influences of alternating terms on the series' convergence.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Evaluate the limit of the following sequences or state that the limit does not exist. $$a_{n}=\frac{75^{n-1}}{99^{n}}+\frac{5^{n} \sin n}{8^{n}}$$

Consider the sequence \(\left\\{F_{n}\right\\}\) defined by $$F_{n}=\sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{k(k+n)},$$ for \(n=0,1,2, \ldots . .\) When \(n=0,\) the series is a \(p\) -series, and we have \(F_{0}=\pi^{2} / 6\) (Exercises 65 and 66 ). a. Explain why \(\left\\{F_{n}\right\\}\) is a decreasing sequence. b. Plot \(\left\\{F_{n}\right\\},\) for \(n=1,2, \ldots, 20\). c. Based on your experiments, make a conjecture about \(\lim _{n \rightarrow \infty} F_{n}\).

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Express each sequence \(\left\\{a_{n}\right\\}_{n=1}^{\infty}\) as an equivalent sequence of the form \(\left\\{b_{n}\right\\}_{n=3}^{\infty}\). $$\\{2 n+1\\}_{n=1}^{\infty}$$

Consider a wedding cake of infinite height, each layer of which is a right circular cylinder of height 1. The bottom layer of the cake has a radius of \(1,\) the second layer has a radius of \(1 / 2,\) the third layer has a radius of \(1 / 3,\) and the \(n\) th layer has a radius of \(1 / n\) (see figure). a. To determine how much frosting is needed to cover the cake, find the area of the lateral (vertical) sides of the wedding cake. What is the area of the horizontal surfaces of the cake? b. Determine the volume of the cake. (Hint: Use the result of Exercise 66.) c. Comment on your answers to parts (a) and (b).

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