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Chapter 12: Problem 26
Determine whether the following pairs of planes are parallel, orthogonal, or neither. $$2 x+2 y-3 z=10 \text { and }-10 x-10 y+15 z=10$$
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Show that the plane \(a x+b y+c z=d\) and the line \(\mathbf{r}(t)=\mathbf{r}_{0}+\mathbf{v} t,\) not in the plane, have no points of intersection if and only if \(\mathbf{v} \cdot\langle a, b, c\rangle=0 .\) Give a geometric explanation of this result.
a. Show that the point in the plane \(a x+b y+c z=d\) nearest the origin is \(P\left(a d / D^{2}, b d / D^{2}, c d / D^{2}\right),\) where \(D^{2}=a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2} .\) Conclude that the least distance from the plane to the origin is \(|d| / D\). (Hint: The least distance is along a normal to the plane.) b. Show that the least distance from the point \(P_{0}\left(x_{0}, y_{0}, z_{0}\right)\) to the plane \(a x+b y+c z=d\) is \(\left|a x_{0}+b y_{0}+c z_{0}-d\right| / D\) (Hint: Find the point \(P\) on the plane closest to \(P_{0}\).)
Use the definition of the gradient (in two or three dimensions), assume that \(f\) and \(g\) are differentiable functions on \(\mathbb{R}^{2}\) or \(\mathbb{R}^{3}\), and let \(c\) be a constant. Prove the following gradient rules. a. Constants Rule: \(\nabla(c f)=c \nabla f\) b. Sum Rule: \(\nabla(f+g)=\nabla f+\nabla g\) c. Product Rule: \(\nabla(f g)=(\nabla f) g+f \nabla g\) d. Quotient Rule: \(\nabla\left(\frac{f}{g}\right)=\frac{g \nabla f-f \nabla g}{g^{2}}\) e. Chain Rule: \(\nabla(f \circ g)=f^{\prime}(g) \nabla g,\) where \(f\) is a function of one variable
An important derivative operation in many applications is called the Laplacian; in Cartesian coordinates, for \(z=f(x, y),\) the Laplacian is \(z_{x x}+z_{y y} .\) Determine the Laplacian in polar coordinates using the following steps. a. Begin with \(z=g(r, \theta)\) and write \(z_{x}\) and \(z_{y}\) in terms of polar coordinates (see Exercise 64). b. Use the Chain Rule to find \(z_{x x}=\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\left(z_{x}\right) .\) There should be two major terms, which, when expanded and simplified, result in five terms. c. Use the Chain Rule to find \(z_{y y}=\frac{d}{\partial y}\left(z_{y}\right) .\) There should be two major terms, which, when expanded and simplified, result in five terms. d. Combine parts (b) and (c) to show that $$z_{x x}+z_{y y}=z_{r r}+\frac{1}{r} z_{r}+\frac{1}{r^{2}} z_{\theta \theta}$$
Find the dimensions of the rectangular box with maximum volume in the first octant with one vertex at the origin and the opposite vertex on the ellipsoid \(36 x^{2}+4 y^{2}+9 z^{2}=36\).
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