/*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} Problem 26 Evaluate the following integrals... [FREE SOLUTION] | 91Ó°ÊÓ

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Evaluate the following integrals or state that they diverge. $$\int_{1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{x^{2}} \sin \frac{\pi}{x} d x$$

Short Answer

Expert verified
Question: Evaluate the improper integral $\int_{1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{x^{2}} \sin \frac{\pi}{x} d x$. Answer: The improper integral converges and its value is $0$.

Step by step solution

01

Rewrite the integral as a limit

First, we rewrite the improper integral as a limit of definite integral: $$\int_{1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{x^{2}} \sin \frac{\pi}{x} d x = \lim_{b\to\infty} \int_{1}^{b} \frac{1}{x^{2}} \sin \frac{\pi}{x} d x$$
02

Application of the Comparison Test

In order to determine the convergence of the integral, we can apply the Comparison Test. We compare the given integral to the integral of the positive function \(\int_{1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{x^{2}} dx\), which we know converges (since the exponent is greater than 1). We observe that for all \(x \geq 1\), $$0\leq \frac{1}{x^{2}} \sin \frac{\pi}{x} \leq \frac{1}{x^{2}}$$ Since the integral of the function \(\frac{1}{x^{2}}\) converges, the integral of the function \(\frac{1}{x^{2}} \sin \frac{\pi}{x}\) also converges by the Comparison Test.
03

Integration by Parts

Since we've determined that the integral converges, we can now evaluate its value using Integration by Parts. Let: $$u = \frac{1}{x^2}, \quad d v = \sin \frac{\pi}{x} d x$$ Differentiate \(u\) and integrate \(d v\) to obtain: $$d u = -\frac{2}{x^3} d x, \quad v = -\int \sin \frac{\pi}{x} d x$$ The integral of \(v\) is not elementary and requires integration by parts: Let: $$w = \frac{\pi}{x}, \quad d z = \sin \frac{\pi}{x} d x$$ Differentiate \(w\), and integrate \(d z\): $$d w = -\frac{\pi}{x^2} d x, \quad z = -\frac{1}{\pi}\cos \frac{\pi}{x}$$ Now, substitute back into the expression for \(v\): $$v = -\int \sin \frac{\pi}{x} d x = wz - \int z d w = -\frac{\pi}{x}\left(-\frac{1}{\pi}\cos \frac{\pi}{x}\right) - \int -\frac{1}{\pi}\cos \frac{\pi}{x} \left(-\frac{\pi}{x^2}\right) d x$$ Simplifying, we get: $$v = \frac{1}{x}\cos \frac{\pi}{x} + \int \frac{1}{x^2}\cos \frac{\pi}{x} d x$$ Now, apply Integration by Parts to the original integral: $$\int_{1}^{b} \frac{1}{x^{2}} \sin \frac{\pi}{x} d x = uv - \int v d u = \left(\frac{1}{x}\cos \frac{\pi}{x} + \int \frac{1}{x^2}\cos \frac{\pi}{x} d x\right)\left(-\frac{2}{x^3}\right) d x$$ We differentiate \(v\) and integrate \(d u\) to get: $$d v = -\frac{2}{x^3} \cos \frac{\pi}{x} + \frac{2\pi}{x^4}\sin\frac{\pi}{x}, \quad u = -\frac{1}{x}$$ Now, apply the limit of integration to the resulting integral: $$\lim_{b\to\infty} -\frac{2}{x} \cos \frac{\pi}{x}\bigg|_1^b - \int_{1}^{b} \left(-\frac{2}{x^3} \cos \frac{\pi}{x} + \frac{2\pi}{x^4}\sin\frac{\pi}{x}\right) d x$$ It can be shown that both terms in this expression approach zero as \(b\to\infty\): $$\lim_{b\to\infty} \frac{2}{x} \cos \frac{\pi}{x}\bigg|_1^b = 0$$ Therefore, the value of the improper integral is: $$\int_{1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{x^{2}} \sin \frac{\pi}{x} d x = \boxed{0}$$

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Convergence
Convergence is a fundamental concept when dealing with improper integrals. An improper integral is one where the interval of integration is infinite or the integrand becomes infinite within the interval. To determine if an integral converges, we need to evaluate whether the limit of the integral as the variable approaches infinity results in a finite value.

In the case of our given exercise, we need to find out if the integral from 1 to infinity of the function \( \frac{1}{x^2} \sin \frac{\pi}{x} \) converges. A key step involves expressing the improper integral as a limit:
  • Rewrite the integral as a limit of a definite integral: \( \lim_{b \to \infty} \int_{1}^{b} \frac{1}{x^2} \sin \frac{\pi}{x} \, dx \).
  • If this limit exists and is finite, the integral converges.
  • If the limit is infinite or does not exist, the integral diverges.
In our solution, we successfully show convergence by further analysis using the Comparison Test.
Comparison Test
The Comparison Test is a very useful tool for determining the convergence of improper integrals. The idea is to compare the function we are integrating with another function which we already know converges or diverges. This method is especially handy when the integrand is complex, as seen in our exercise with the integral of \( \frac{1}{x^2} \sin \frac{\pi}{x} \).

Here's how we apply the Comparison Test:
  • First, identify a simpler function related to the one we have, such as \( \frac{1}{x^2} \).
  • Establish that \( 0 \leq \frac{1}{x^2} \sin \frac{\pi}{x} \leq \frac{1}{x^2} \) for all \( x \geq 1 \).
  • Since the integral \( \int_{1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{x^2} \, dx \) converges and \( \frac{1}{x^2} \sin \frac{\pi}{x} \leq \frac{1}{x^2} \), the integral \( \int_{1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{x^2} \sin \frac{\pi}{x} \, dx \) converges by this comparison.
By applying this method, we determine that our original integral doesn’t diverge, allowing us to move on to the next step in evaluating its value.
Integration by Parts
Integration by Parts is a technique used to integrate the product of two functions. It is based on the product rule for differentiation and is often used when dealing with functions that cannot be easily integrated using standard methods.

This method is essential in our exercise for evaluating the integral \( \int \frac{1}{x^2} \sin \frac{\pi}{x} \, dx \). Here's how it works:
  • Firstly, choose which part of the integrand to differentiate and which part to integrate. In this exercise, we let \( u = \frac{1}{x^2} \) and \( d v = \sin \frac{\pi}{x} \, dx \).
  • Then, differentiate \( u \) to get \( d u = -\frac{2}{x^3} \, dx \), and integrate \( d v \) to obtain \( v \).
  • Since the integral of \( \sin \frac{\pi}{x} \) is complex, further partial integration is required, resulting in calculations involving trigonometric identities.
  • Substitute back into the integration by parts formula: \( \int u \, dv = uv - \int v \, du \), and continue simplifying.
The process can be intricate, but correctly handling each step ensures an accurate solution, as shown when the solution finally reveals that the improper integral evaluates to \( 0 \).

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