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Solve for \(x:\) (Don't expect "pretty" answers.) (a) \(10^{2 x}=93\) (b) \(10^{3 x+2}=1,000,000\) (c) \(2^{x+1}=7\) (d) \(3^{x} 3^{x^{2}}=3\) (e) \(5 B^{x}=(2 C)^{x+1}\) (f) \(\ln x+2=5\) (g) \(\log _{10} x=17\) (h) \(\ln (5 x-40)=3\) (i) \(\log _{10}\left(2 x^{2}+4\right)=2\) (j) \(3 \cdot 2^{x / 7}-4=12\)

Short Answer

Expert verified
(a) \(x = \frac{\log 93}{2 \log 10}\) (b) \(x = \frac{\log 1,000,000 - 2}{3}\)(c) \(x = \frac{\log 7 - \log 2}{\log 2}\) (d) \(x = \frac{-1 \pm \sqrt{5}}{2}\) (e) \(x = \frac{\log \frac{(2C)^{x+1}}{5}}{\log B}\) (f) \(x = e^{3}\) (g) \(x = 10^{17}\) (h) \(x = \frac{e^{3}+40}{5}\) (i) \(x = \pm \sqrt{50-2}\) (j) \(x = 7 \ln \frac{16}{3}\)

Step by step solution

01

Solve Exponential Equations

(a) To solve the equation \(10^{2 x}=93\), we need to take logarithm of both sides to the base of 10. Applying the logarithm property \(\log a^{b} = b \log a\), we get \(2x \log 10 = \log 93\), which simplifies to \(x = \frac{\log 93}{2 \log 10}\). (b) For \(10^{3 x+2}=1,000,000\), we proceed similarly and get \(3x + 2 = \log 1,000,000 \Rightarrow x = \frac{\log 1,000,000 - 2}{3}\). (c) For \(2^{x+1}=7\), we get \(x = \frac{\log 7 - \log 2}{\log 2}\). (d) \(3^{x} 3^{x^{2}}=3\) simplifies to \(x + x^2 = 1 \Rightarrow x^2 + x - 1 = 0\), which can be solved using the quadratic formula \(x = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^{2}-4ac}}{2a}\). (e) \(5 B^{x}=(2 C)^{x+1}\) can be written as \(B^{x} = \frac{(2C)^{x+1}}{5}\), which can be solved similarly.
02

Solve Logarithmic Equations

(f) For \(\ln x+2=5\), subtract 2 from both sides and take the exponent of both sides to get \(x = e^{5-2}\). (g) To find \(x\) from \(\log _{10} x=17\), raise both sides as powers of 10 to get \(x = 10^{17}\). (h) For \(\ln (5 x-40)=3\), raise both sides as powers of e to get \(5x-40 = e^{3}\) and then solve for \(x\). (i) For \(\log _{10}\left(2 x^{2}+4\right)=2\), raise both sides as powers of 10 to get \(2x^{2}+4 = 10^{2}\), which simplifies to a quadratic equation. (j) \(3 \cdot 2^{x / 7}-4=12\) can be simplified as \(2^{x / 7} = \frac{12+4}{3}\) and take natural logarithm on both sides.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Exponential Equation Solutions
Solving exponential equations is like unraveling a mystery. You have an unknown variable raised to a power and set equal to a number, just like the equation:
\(10^{2x} = 93\).
The key to finding the value of the variable is using logarithms. By applying logarithms, we can bring the exponent down and solve for the variable. For instance, with \(10^{2x} = 93\), taking the logarithm of both sides gives us the equation \(2x \cdot \log(10) = \log(93)\). Since \(\log(10)\) is 1, we can simply divide both sides by 2 to isolate \(x\). This method can be applied to any exponential equation, transforming a daunting task into a straightforward one.
  • Take the logarithm of both sides of the equation.
  • Use the property \(\log(a^b) = b \cdot \log(a)\) to bring down the exponent.
  • Solve the resulting equation for the variable.
Logarithmic Equation Solutions
When the unknown variable is tucked inside a logarithm, like in \(\ln x + 2 = 5\), we can't just use algebra to get it out—we need to employ the properties of logarithms and exponentials. Subtraction gives us \(\ln x = 3\), then by raising both sides as powers of the base of the logarithm—in this case, Euler's number \(e\)—we can solve for \(x\) as \(e^3\). For decimal logarithms, like \(\log_{10} x = 17\), we use 10 as the base and calculate \(x = 10^{17}\). The trick to logarithmic equations is recognizing that logarithms and exponentials are inversely related.
  • Isolate the logarithmic part of the equation.
  • Convert the logarithmic equation to its exponential form.
  • Solve for the variable.
Properties of Logarithms
Logarithms have special properties that make them extremely useful for solving equations involving exponents. For example, the property \(\log(a^b) = b \cdot \log(a)\) helps us deal with variables hidden in exponents. There's also the property that states \(\log(ab) = \log(a) + \log(b)\), which can be useful for breaking down more complex expressions. If there’s a quotient inside the logarithm, like \(\log(\frac{a}{b})\), it becomes \(\log(a) - \log(b)\). Understanding these properties can greatly simplify the process of solving logarithmic equations.
  • Product Property: \(\log(ab) = \log(a) + \log(b)\).
  • Quotient Property: \(\log(\frac{a}{b}) = \log(a) - \log(b)\).
  • Power Property: \(\log(a^b) = b \cdot \log(a)\).
Quadratic Equations
Quadratic equations are like puzzles where the pieces are number coefficients and variables. They take the general form \(ax^2 + bx + c = 0\) and have a characteristic U-shaped graph called a parabola. To solve them, we often use the quadratic formula \(x = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}\). In the equation \(x + x^2 = 1\), we rearrange terms to get \(x^2 + x - 1 = 0\) and then apply the formula. Each solution to a quadratic equation represents an intersection of the parabola with the x-axis. There are also other methods like factoring or completing the square, but those depend on the specific form of the equation at hand.
  • Rearrange the equation into the form \(ax^2 + bx + c = 0\).
  • Use the quadratic formula to find the values of \(x\).
  • Interpret the solutions in the context of the graph of the equation.

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