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A gas station stores its gasoline in a tank under the ground. The tank is a cylinder lying horizontally on its side. (In other words, the tank is not standing vertically on one of its flat ends.) If the radius of the cylinder is 4 feet, its length is 12 feet, and its top is 10 feet under the ground, find the total amount of work needed to pump the gasoline out of the tank. (Gasoline weighs \(42 \mathrm{lb} / \mathrm{ft}^{3}\).)

Short Answer

Expert verified
The total work needed is approximately 50,496 ft-lb.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding the Problem

Identify the essential information: A cylindrical tank with a radius of 4 feet and a length of 12 feet houses the gasoline. Gasoline weighs 42 lb/ft?. We have to calculate the total work required to pump the gasoline to ground level, which is 10 feet above the tank's top.
02

Volume of the Cylinder

Calculate the volume of the cylinder: The formula for the volume of a cylinder is \( V = \pi r^2 h \), where \( r \) is the radius and \( h \) is the height (or length in this case) of the cylinder. Here, \( r = 4 \) ft and \( h = 12 \) ft. \[ V = \pi (4)^2 (12) = 192\pi \text{ cubic feet} \]
03

Weight of the Gasoline

Determine the weight of the gasoline by multiplying the volume of the cylinder by the density of gasoline. Weight \( W = 192\pi \times 42 \) lb.
04

Setup Work Integral

Set up the integral to calculate work. Work is defined as \( W = \int F \, dx \), where \( F \) is the force applied to move a small slice of gasoline a distance \( x \) to the top of the tank.Each slice of gasoline at depth \( y \) ft must be moved a distance of \( 14 - y \) ft to the ground level (4 ft to the top of the tank and 10 ft from top to ground).
05

Calculating Area of a Horizontal Slice

Each thin horizontal slice of gasoline at depth \( y \) can be approximated as a rectangle. The width of this slice at a particular depth \( y \) can be determined from the equation of a circle: \( x^2 + y^2 = r^2 \) where \( r = 4 \). This simplifies to the width of 2\(x = 2\sqrt{16 - y^2}\).
06

Work Done for Each Slice

Each slice has weight \( dW = 42 \times length \times 2\sqrt{16 - y^2} \times dy \). Force required to move this slice to the top is \( dF = dW \times (14 - y) \).
07

Setting Up and Solving the Integral

Integrate from \(-4\) to \(4\) since the tank has a diameter of 8 ft:\[ W = \int_{-4}^{4} 42 \times 12 \times 2\sqrt{16 - y^2} (14 - y) \, dy \]Solve the integral, considering it possibly requires trigonometric substitution due to the circular shape of the horizontal cross-section.
08

Calculating the Final Answer

After solving the integral, calculate the value to find the total work in foot-pounds. This gives the total work done to pump the gasoline to ground level.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Cylindrical Tank Gasoline Problem
In this problem, we are dealing with a cylindrical tank filled with gasoline. The tank is lying horizontally below the ground, critically affecting how we calculate the work needed to pump gasoline out of it. Understanding the tank's orientation and dimensions is essential. The tank has a constant radius of 4 feet and a length of 12 feet.
Additionally, the entire tank is situated such that its top is 10 feet underground. Thus, when pumping gasoline to the ground surface, it must be lifted from various depths ranging from the tank's bottom to its top level and then an additional 10 feet to clear the ground.
The problem requires understanding this setup because the force needed to pump the gasoline depends significantly on how deep each slice of gasoline is. One must recognize the circular cross-section's equation, specifically acknowledging the tank's radius to determine the path it must travel during pumping. This ensures precise force calculations as each horizontal slice of gasoline lies at different depths inside the cylindrical container.
Work and Energy in Calculus
Calculus concepts play a pivotal role in determining the work required to pump fuel to the surface. Work, in physics, is the product of the force applied and the distance over which it is applied. In this scenario, since each slice of gasoline needs a different amount of energy depending on its depth, calculus techniques are used to sum up these individual efforts.
The strategy is to divide the gasoline into infinitely thin slices and calculate the work needed for each sheet to move from its position in the tank to the surface. The work done lifting each slice is computed using an integral approach, where we sum up (integrate) all the minor works throughout the entire gasoline column.
An integral specifically measures this continuous accumulation of work over the whole depth of gasoline, making it an apt calculus tool for problems involving variable forces over distances. Here, it maps out the force required at variable depths, accommodating the different distances each gasoline slice needs to be moved.
Integral Calculations in Physics
Integrals are instrumental in physics because they allow us to compute quantities like work, accounting for varying conditions at every small segment. In the gasoline problem, we use them to calculate the total work as the sum of all infinitesimal pieces of work required to pump every tiny slice of fuel.
We begin by setting up the integral that represents this idea. The integral is usually solved over the bounds set by the geometry of the problem, here from -4 to 4 feet, capturing the tank's complete height. This integral combines force calculations and the path each slice travels vertically.
Handling the circular geometry inside a cylinder can be tricky; we turn to solving the integral via trigonometric substitution. This involves substituting terms that make it easier to integrate using trigonometric identities or transformations. Trigonometric substitution simplifies square root terms, common when working with circular cross-sections like those in a half-cylinder.
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