/*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} Problem 84 Use the properties of logarithms... [FREE SOLUTION] | 91Ó°ÊÓ

91Ó°ÊÓ

Use the properties of logarithms to condense the expression.$$2[\ln x-\ln (x+1)-\ln (x-1)]$$.

Short Answer

Expert verified
The condensed form of the given expression is \(\ln[(x^2)/((x+1)^2*(x-1)^2)]\).

Step by step solution

01

Distribute the 2 into the values within the brackets

This changes the expression to \(2\ln x - 2\ln(x+1) - 2\ln(x-1)\).
02

Apply the reverse of the product and quotient properties of logarithms

Since we have subtraction, which in the logarithmic rules corresponds to division, this changes our expression to \(\ln(x^2) - \ln[(x+1)^2] - \ln[(x-1)^2]\). Here, squaring was applied to the entire argument so 2 could be moved in front of the natural logarithm.
03

Combine the expressions

By continuing to apply the quotient rule of logarithms in a reverse, the expression condenses to \(\ln[(x^2)/((x+1)^2*(x-1)^2)]\). This is now a single logarithm, effectively condensing the original logarithmic expression.

Unlock Step-by-Step Solutions & Ace Your Exams!

  • Full Textbook Solutions

    Get detailed explanations and key concepts

  • Unlimited Al creation

    Al flashcards, explanations, exams and more...

  • Ads-free access

    To over 500 millions flashcards

  • Money-back guarantee

    We refund you if you fail your exam.

Over 30 million students worldwide already upgrade their learning with 91Ó°ÊÓ!

Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Condensing Logarithms
Condensing logarithms is a useful technique to simplify an expression involving multiple logarithmic terms into a single logarithm. This process frequently employs various properties of logarithms, such as the product and quotient rules. In general, the objective of condensing is to rewrite a complicated expression containing multiple logarithms as a single logarithmic term for easier interpretation or computation.
To condense, we often leverage the following rules:
  • The Product Rule: \ \(\log_b(M) + \log_b(N) = \log_b(M \cdot N) \)
  • The Quotient Rule: \ \(\log_b(M) - \log_b(N) = \log_b(M/N) \)
  • The Power Rule: \ \(a \cdot \log_b(M) = \log_b(M^a) \)
By rearranging and applying these properties, you can simplify complex logarithmic expressions efficiently, as was shown in the exercise where the expression was condensed to a single logarithmic form.
Quotient Rule
The quotient rule for logarithms is a fundamental property that allows us to simplify expressions with logarithmic terms involving division. This rule states that the logarithm of a quotient is equal to the difference of the logarithms of the numerator and the denominator. Mathematically, it is expressed as:
  • \ \(\log_b\left(\frac{M}{N}\right) = \log_b(M) - \log_b(N) \)
In the context of condensing logarithms, the quotient rule is applied in reverse. For instance, if you have a series of logarithmic terms being subtracted, as seen in the step-by-step solution, you can condense them into a single logarithmic expression by representing them as a quotient.
Utilizing the quotient rule helps transform lengthy expressions into simpler forms, thus augmenting their manageability and clarity.
Logarithmic Expressions
Logarithmic expressions can come in various forms and often involve multiple terms and operations. These expressions make use of the properties of logarithms—encompassing addition, subtraction, and exponentiation—to be rewritten or evaluated in different ways.
Logarithmic expressions are useful in solving equations involving exponential growth or decay, and in signal processing or other fields dealing with multiplicative relationships.
Here's a recap of the steps for handling a logarithmic expression like the one in the exercise:
  • Start by distributing any coefficients if needed, this sometimes involves using the power rule.
  • Look for opportunities to apply the product or quotient rules to condense the expression into fewer logarithms.
  • Combine logarithmic terms using their respective properties to simplify the expression further.
Understanding logarithmic expressions and their transformations is crucial in mathematics, as they appear frequently in both algebra and calculus.
Natural Logarithm
A natural logarithm, denoted as \(\ln\), is a specific logarithm that uses the base \(e\), where \(e\) is approximately equal to 2.71828. It holds fundamental importance in various branches of mathematics, especially calculus and complex analysis.
Natural logarithms are frequently used because they arise naturally in the process of solving exponential growth models and calculations involving the constant \(e\). Given its prevalence in real-world applications, from biology to finance, understanding how to work with \(\ln\) in various expressions is indispensable.
In the context of condensing expressions, knowing how to manipulate the natural logarithm using similar properties as common logarithms (like the product, quotient, and power rules) is a key skill. These properties make it possible to rewrite expressions involving \(\ln\) more conveniently, as demonstrated in the provided exercise.

One App. One Place for Learning.

All the tools & learning materials you need for study success - in one app.

Get started for free

Most popular questions from this chapter

Find the time required for a \(\$ 1000\) investment to (a) double at interest rate \(r,\) compounded continuously, and (b) triple at interest rate \(r\), compounded continuously. Round your results to two decimal places. $$r=6 \%$$

The populations \(P\) (in thousands) of Luxembourg for the years 1999 through 2013 are shown in the table, where \(t\) represents the year, with \(t=9\) corresponding to 1999. (Source: European Commission Eurostat) $$\begin{array}{|c|c|}\hline \text { Year } & \text { Population, } P \\\\\hline 1999 & 427.4 \\\2000 & 433.6 \\\2001 & 439.0 \\\2002 & 444.1 \\\2003 & 448.3 \\\2004 & 455.0 \\\2005 & 461.2 \\\2006 & 469.1 \\\2007 & 476.2 \\\2008 & 483.8 \\\2009 & 493.5 \\\2010 & 502.1 \\\2011 & 511.8 \\\2012 & 524.9 \\\2013 & 537.0 \\\\\hline\end{array}$$ (a) Use the regression feature of a graphing utility to find a linear model for the data and to identify the coefficient of determination. Plot the model and the data in the same viewing window. (b) Use the regression feature of the graphing utility to find a power model for the data and to identify the coefficient of determination. Plot the model and the data in the same viewing window. (c) Use the regression feature of the graphing utility to find an exponential model for the data and to identify the coefficient of determination. Plot the model and the data in the same viewing window. (d) Use the regression feature of the graphing utility to find a logarithmic model for the data and to identify the coefficient of determination. Plot the model and the data in the same viewing window. (e) Which model is the best fit for the data? Explain. (f) Use each model to predict the populations of Luxembourg for the years 2014 through 2018. (g) Which model is the best choice for predicting the future population of Luxembourg? Explain. (h) Were your choices of models the same for parts (e) and \((g) ?\) If not, explain why your choices were different.

(a) complete the table to find an interval containing the solution of the equation, (b) use a graphing utility to graph both sides of the equation to estimate the solution, and (c) solve the equation algebraically. Round your results to three decimal places. $$3 \ln 5 x=10$$ $$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|l|}\hline x & 4 & 5 & 6 & 7 & 8 \\\\\hline 3 \ln 5 x & & & & & \\\\\hline\end{array}$$

The table shows the percents \(P\) of women in different age groups (in years) who have been married at least once. (Source: U.S. Census Bureau) $$\begin{array}{|c|c|}\hline \text { Age group } & \text { Percent, } P\\\\\hline 18-24 & 14.6 \\\25-29 & 49.0 \\\30-34 & 70.3 \\\35-39 & 79.9 \\\40-44 & 85.0 \\\45-49 & 87.0 \\\50-54 & 89.5 \\\55-59 & 91.1 \\\\\hline\end{array}$$ (a) Use the regression feature of a graphing utility to find a logistic model for the data. Let \(x\) represent the midpoint of the age group. (b) Use the graphing utility to graph the model with the original data. How closely does the model represent the data?

Use the regression feature of a graphing utility to find an exponential model \(y=a b^{x}\) for the data and identify the coefficient of determination. Use the graphing utility to plot the data and graph the model in the same viewing window. $$(0,5),(1,6),(2,7),(3,9),(4,13)$$

See all solutions

Recommended explanations on Math Textbooks

View all explanations

What do you think about this solution?

We value your feedback to improve our textbook solutions.

Study anywhere. Anytime. Across all devices.