/*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} Problem 7 Exercise 1.1 introduced a study ... [FREE SOLUTION] | 91影视

91影视

Log out

Learning Materials

Features

Discover

Chapter 1: Problem 7

Exercise 1.1 introduced a study exploring whether acupuncture had any effect on migraines. Researchers conducted a randomized controlled study where patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups: treatment or control. The patients in the treatment group received acupuncture that was specifically designed to treat migraines. The patients in the control group received placebo acupuncture (needle insertion at non-acupoint locations). 24 hours after patients received acupuncture, they were asked if they were pain free. What are the explanatory and response variables in this study?

Short Answer

Expert verified
Explanatory: type of acupuncture; Response: pain-free status.

Step by step solution

01

Identify the Explanatory Variable

The explanatory variable (independent variable) is the condition or treatment applied to the subjects in the study. For this exercise, the explanatory variable is the type of acupuncture the patients received, specifically whether they received real acupuncture designed to treat migraines or placebo acupuncture.
02

Identify the Response Variable

The response variable (dependent variable) is the outcome that is measured in the study, which is believed to change based on the explanatory variable. In this case, the response variable is whether the patients reported being pain-free 24 hours after receiving the acupuncture treatment.

Unlock Step-by-Step Solutions & Ace Your Exams!

  • Full Textbook Solutions

    Get detailed explanations and key concepts

  • Unlimited Al creation

    Al flashcards, explanations, exams and more...

  • Ads-free access

    To over 500 millions flashcards

  • Money-back guarantee

    We refund you if you fail your exam.

Over 30 million students worldwide already upgrade their learning with 91影视!

Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Explanatory Variable
In a randomized controlled study, the explanatory variable is crucial. It is the variable that researchers manipulate to observe how it affects another variable. In simple terms, it's what the researchers are trying to test or change.
In the context of the acupuncture study, the explanatory variable is the type of acupuncture each patient received.
- One group received the true acupuncture designed to treat migraines. - The other group received placebo acupuncture, which involves needle insertion at non-effective points.
This distinction allows researchers to determine if the real acupuncture effectively reduces migraines compared to a placebo. So, in any study, identifying this variable involves asking, "What is being tested to make a difference?"
Response Variable
The response variable is what the researchers measure at the end of the study. It's the outcome that might change because of the explanatory variable.
Basically, it's what you're observing to find out if the intervention worked.
  • In our acupuncture example, it's whether patients reported being pain-free 24 hours after the treatment.
  • This outcome is directly tied to the type of acupuncture received.
By observing the response variable, researchers conclude if the treatment (real acupuncture versus placebo) had an impact. Understanding what your response variable is can help you grasp what change the study seeks to measure.
Placebo Effect
The placebo effect is a fascinating phenomenon that occurs when patients experience real changes in their condition, despite receiving a non-active treatment. This effect highlights the power of belief and expectations in medical treatments.
In the acupuncture study, the control group received placebo acupuncture, where needles were inserted at non-acupoint locations.
This setup was to ensure that any change in the patient's condition wasn't just due to the psychological impact of receiving a treatment, rather than the treatment itself.
  • Even though patients in the placebo group might feel better, it's not due to the specificity of the acupuncture, but rather psychological or coincidental improvements.
  • By comparing the real treatment group and the placebo group, researchers can isolate the actual effectiveness of the acupuncture.
Addressing the placebo effect helps ensure the study results are attributed correctly to the treatment's actual efficacy.

One App. One Place for Learning.

All the tools & learning materials you need for study success - in one app.

Get started for free

Most popular questions from this chapter

Suppose we want to estimate household size, where a "household" is defined as people living together in the same dwelling, and sharing living accommodations. If we select students at random at an elementary school and ask them what their family size is, will this be a good measure of household size? Or will our average be biased? If so, will it overestimate or underestimate the true value?

A city council has requested a household survey be conducted in a suburban area of their city. The area is broken into many distinct and unique neighborhoods, some including large homes, some with only apartments, and others a diverse mixture of housing structures. For each part below, identify the sampling methods described, and describe the statistical pros and cons of the method in the city's context. (a) Randomly sample 200 households from the city. (b) Divide the city into 20 neighborhoods, and sample 10 households from each neighborhood. (c) Divide the city into 20 neighborhoods, randomly sample 3 neighborhoods, and then sample all households from those 3 neighborhoods. (d) Divide the city into 20 neighborhoods, randomly sample 8 neighborhoods, and then randomly sample 50 households from those neighborhoods. (e) Sample the 200 households closest to the city council offices.

In a public health study on the effects of consumption of fruits and vegetables on psychological well-being in young adults, participants were randomly assigned to three groups: (1) dietas-usual, (2) an ecological momentary intervention involving text message reminders to increase their fruits and vegetable consumption plus a voucher to purchase them, or (3) a fruit and vegetable intervention in which participants were given two additional daily servings of fresh fruits and vegetables to consume on top of their normal diet. Participants were asked to take a nightly survey on their smartphones. Participants were student volunteers at the University of Otago, New Zealand. At the end of the 14 -day study, only participants in the third group showed improvements to their psychological well-being across the 14 -days relative to the other groups. \({ }^{45}\) (a) What type of study is this? (b) Identify the explanatory and response variables. (c) Comment on whether the results of the study can be generalized to the population. (d) Comment on whether the results of the study can be used to establish causal relationships. (e) A newspaper article reporting on the study states, "The results of this study provide proof that giving young adults fresh fruits and vegetables to eat can have psychological benefits, even over a brief period of time." How would you suggest revising this statement so that it can be supported by the study?

A statistics student who is curious about the relationship between the amount of time students spend on social networking sites and their performance at school decides to conduct a survey. Various research strategies for collecting data are described below. In each, name the sampling method proposed and any bias you might expect. (a) He randomly samples 40 students from the study's population, gives them the survey, asks them to fill it out and bring it back the next day. (b) He gives out the survey only to his friends, making sure each one of them fills out the survey. (c) He posts a link to an online survey on Facebook and asks his friends to fill out the survey. (d) He randomly samples 5 classes and asks a random sample of students from those classes to fill out the survey.

A large college class has 160 students. All 160 students attend the lectures together, but the students are divided into 4 groups, each of 40 students, for lab sections administered by different teaching assistants. The professor wants to conduct a survey about how satisfied the students are with the course, and he believes that the lab section a student is in might affect the student's overall satisfaction with the course. (a) What type of study is this? (b) Suggest a sampling strategy for carrying out this study.
See all solutions

Recommended explanations on Math Textbooks

Applied Mathematics

Read Explanation

Discrete Mathematics

Read Explanation

Calculus

Read Explanation

Pure Maths

Read Explanation

Statistics

Read Explanation

Logic and Functions

Read Explanation
View all explanations

What do you think about this solution?

We value your feedback to improve our textbook solutions.

Study anywhere. Anytime. Across all devices.