Chapter 7: Q.7.4 (page 355)
The joint density function ofandis given by
Find and show that
Short Answer
The value of
The value of
The value of
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Chapter 7: Q.7.4 (page 355)
The joint density function ofandis given by
Find and show that
The value of
The value of
The value of
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There are n items in a box labeled H and m in a box labeled T. A coin that comes up heads with probability p and tails with probability 1 鈭 p is flipped. Each time it comes up heads, an item is removed from the H box, and each time it comes up tails, an item is removed from the T box. (If a box is empty and its outcome occurs, then no items are removed.) Find the expected number of coin flips needed for both boxes to become empty. Hint: Condition on the number of heads in the first n + m flips.
The number of accidents that a person has in a given year is a Poisson random variable with mean 蹋 However, suppose that the value of changes from person to person, being equal to for percent of the population and for the other percent. If a person is chosen at random, what is the probability that he will have
(a) accidents and,
(b) Exactly accidents in a certain year? What is the conditional probability that he will have accidents in a given year, given that he had no accidents the preceding year?
A deck of n cards numbered 1 through n is thoroughly shuf铿俥d so that all possible n! orderings can be assumed to be equally likely. Suppose you are to make n guesses sequentially, where the ith one is a guess of the card in position i. Let N denote the number of correct guesses.
(a) If you are not given any information about your earlier guesses, show that for any strategy, E[N]=1.
(b) Suppose that after each guess you are shown the card that was in the position in question. What do you think is the best strategy? Show that under this strategy
(c) Supposethatyouaretoldaftereachguesswhetheryou are right or wrong. In this case, it can be shown that the strategy that maximizes E[N] is one that keeps on guessing the same card until you are told you are correct and then changes to a new card. For this strategy, show that
Hint: For all parts, express N as the sum of indicator (that is, Bernoulli) random variables.
A bottle initially contains m large pills and n small pills. Each day, a patient randomly chooses one of the pills. If a small pill is chosen, then that pill is eaten. If a large pill is chosen, then the pill is broken in two; one part is returned to the bottle (and is now considered a small pill) and the other part is then eaten.
(a) Let X denote the number of small pills in the bottle after the last large pill has been chosen and its smaller half returned. Find E[X].
Hint: De铿乶e n + m indicator variables, one for each of the small pills initially present and one for each of the small pills created when a large one is split in two. Now use the argument of Example m.
(b) Let Y denote the day on which the last large pills chosen. Find E[Y].
Hint: What is the relationship between X and Y?
Let be the standard normal distribution function, and let X be a normal random variable with mean 渭 and variance 1. We want to find E[ (X)]. To do so, let Z be a standard normal random variable that is independent of X, and let
(a) Show that .
(b) Show that .
(c) Show that .
Hint: What is the distribution of ?
The preceding comes up in statistics. Suppose you are about to observe the value of a random variable X that is normally distributed with an unknown mean 渭 and variance 1, and suppose that you want to test the hypothesis that the mean 渭 is greater than or equal to 0. Clearly you would want to reject this hypothesis if X is sufficiently small. If it results that X = x, then the p-value of the hypothesis that the mean is greater than or equal to 0 is defined to be the probability that X would be as small as x if 渭 were equal to 0 (its smallest possible value if the hypothesis were true). (A small p-value is taken as an indication that the hypothesis is probably false.) Because X has a standard normal distribution when 渭 = 0, the p-value that results when X = x is (x). Therefore, the preceding shows that the expected p-value that results when the true mean is 渭 is .
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