Chapter 8: Problem 64
The coefficient of \(x^{18}\) in the product \((1+x)(1-x)^{10}\) \(\left(1+x+x^{2}\right)^{9}\) is : \(\quad\) (a) 84 (b) \(-126\) (c) \(-84\) (d) 126
Short Answer
Expert verified
The coefficient is -84.
Step by step solution
01
Expand the Binomials
Identify each term in the product \((1+x)(1-x)^{10}(1+x+x^{2})^{9}\). First, expand \((1-x)^{10}\) using the binomial theorem: \[(1-x)^{10} = \sum_{k=0}^{10} \binom{10}{k} (-1)^k x^k.\]
02
Simplify the Expression
The goal is to find the coefficient of \(x^{18}\). Combine the expanded terms of \((1+x)\) and \((1-x)^{10}\) which gives: \[(1+x)\sum_{k=0}^{10} \binom{10}{k} (-1)^k x^k = \sum_{k=0}^{10} \binom{10}{k} (-1)^k x^k + \sum_{k=0}^{10} \binom{10}{k} (-1)^k x^{k+1}.\]
03
Expand the Second Binomial
Now expand \((1+x+x^2)^9\) to get expressions in terms of powers of x:\[(1+x+x^2)^9 = \sum_{m=0}^{18} \binom{9}{m, n, l} x^{m+n+2l},\] where \(m+n+l=9\) and includes terms with powers in multiples of 1, 2, or 3.
04
Identify Combined Terms
To find the coefficient of \(x^{18}\) bring together all possible terms resulting from the new expanded terms when treated with expressions from both parts of the equation:Given \( \sum_{k, n, m} C_{k, m} x^{k+n+2m} = x^{18} \), require \(k+n+2m = 18\). Now extend considering suitable values of \(k, n, m\).
05
Calculate Coefficient for Target Power
Plug in values of \(k, m, n\) derived from previous steps. Use combinations:\[\binom{10}{8}(-1)^8 \cdot \binom{9}{0, 6, 3} + \binom{10}{7}(-1)^7 \cdot \binom{9}{1, 5, 3}\]These combinations give two non-zero terms contributing to \(x^{18}\): 1. \(\binom{10}{8} \cdot 84\)2. \(-\binom{10}{7} \cdot 252\). Then calculate final contribution: \(-84\).
06
Conclusion
Sum the non-zero contributions:1. Contribution from \(x^{8}\) term is \(84\)2. Contribution from \(x^{7}\) term is \(-252\)These sum up to \(-84\), thus the coefficient is \(-84\).
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Key Concepts
These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.
Polynomial Expansion
Polynomial expansion involves transforming expressions like \((1-x)^{10}\) or \((1+x+x^2)^9\) into longer expressions with individuall terms. This is done by applying the Binomial Theorem, which is central to our problem. The Binomial Theorem provides a way to expand expressions of the form \((a+b)^n\).
In the case of \((1-x)^{10}\), the expansion results in: \[(1-x)^{10} = \sum_{k=0}^{10} \binom{10}{k} (-1)^k x^k.\]
Here, the knowledge that both positive and negative terms can appear is crucial. The sign alternates due to \((-1)^k\). When we expand \((1+x+x^2)^9\), we consider all combinations of terms involving powers of x up to a degree powering 18. This means using multinomial coefficients, considering allocations where the sum of exponents is 9: \[\sum_{m=0}^{18} \binom{9}{m, n, l} x^{m+n+2l},\] where the sum of \(m+n+l\) still equals 9.
This careful breakdown helps identify all possible combinations effectively when we're targeting specific powers, like \(x^{18}\). Using such expansions helps us transform complex problems into a structured format that's easier to compute.
In the case of \((1-x)^{10}\), the expansion results in: \[(1-x)^{10} = \sum_{k=0}^{10} \binom{10}{k} (-1)^k x^k.\]
Here, the knowledge that both positive and negative terms can appear is crucial. The sign alternates due to \((-1)^k\). When we expand \((1+x+x^2)^9\), we consider all combinations of terms involving powers of x up to a degree powering 18. This means using multinomial coefficients, considering allocations where the sum of exponents is 9: \[\sum_{m=0}^{18} \binom{9}{m, n, l} x^{m+n+2l},\] where the sum of \(m+n+l\) still equals 9.
This careful breakdown helps identify all possible combinations effectively when we're targeting specific powers, like \(x^{18}\). Using such expansions helps us transform complex problems into a structured format that's easier to compute.
Coefficient Calculation
Calculating coefficients in such polynomial expansions is essential to solving these problems. We seek the specific coefficient for the term \(x^{18}\). Initially, as expansions proceed from \((1-x)^{10}\) and \((1+x+x^2)^9\), they are widely expressed, producing a large number of terms.
We combine terms from both expanded expressions:
- First step involves combining results from \((1+x)\) and \((1-x)^{10}\):\[(1+x) \sum_{k=0}^{10} \binom{10}{k} (-1)^k x^k.\]The result being a summation involving both the current and incremental powers of \(x\).
- Next, the expansion of \((1+x+x^2)^9\), elaborated as:\[\sum_{m=0}^{18} \binom{9}{m, n, l} x^{m+n+2l},\]provides terms to fulfill the total powers of x in the full expression. When dealing with exponents, it's important to satisfy the combined terms' power. Success requires matching terms within each polynomial to yield a collective power of 18.
We combine terms from both expanded expressions:
- First step involves combining results from \((1+x)\) and \((1-x)^{10}\):\[(1+x) \sum_{k=0}^{10} \binom{10}{k} (-1)^k x^k.\]The result being a summation involving both the current and incremental powers of \(x\).
- Next, the expansion of \((1+x+x^2)^9\), elaborated as:\[\sum_{m=0}^{18} \binom{9}{m, n, l} x^{m+n+2l},\]provides terms to fulfill the total powers of x in the full expression. When dealing with exponents, it's important to satisfy the combined terms' power. Success requires matching terms within each polynomial to yield a collective power of 18.
Negative Binomial Coefficient
Negative binomial coefficients emerge due to the negative sign in some terms. Anyone tackling these can recognize the patterns in terms like \((-1)^k\), especially when expanded terms from \((1-x)^{10}\) start showing up.
In the binomial expansion \[(1-x)^{10} = \sum_{k=0}^{10} \binom{10}{k} (-1)^k x^k,\]the coefficients are modulated by the negative factor \((-1)^k\), leading zero-negative contributions depending on \(k\).
As seen in the final parts of the solution, negative contributions came during the calculation:- When calculating for the coefficient of \(x^{18}\), we use: \[\binom{10}{8}(-1)^8 \cdot \binom{9}{0, 6, 3} - \binom{10}{7}(-1)^7 \cdot \binom{9}{1, 5, 3}.\] The negative sign significantly alters results:- The combination \(\binom{10}{7}\) yields a negative coefficient. Adding all relevant results provides - these totals to derive the solution hence factor whether adverse impacts and demonstrate - thoroughly how the negative effects coefficients in computations. Thus derive a final result of \(-84\).
In the binomial expansion \[(1-x)^{10} = \sum_{k=0}^{10} \binom{10}{k} (-1)^k x^k,\]the coefficients are modulated by the negative factor \((-1)^k\), leading zero-negative contributions depending on \(k\).
As seen in the final parts of the solution, negative contributions came during the calculation:- When calculating for the coefficient of \(x^{18}\), we use: \[\binom{10}{8}(-1)^8 \cdot \binom{9}{0, 6, 3} - \binom{10}{7}(-1)^7 \cdot \binom{9}{1, 5, 3}.\] The negative sign significantly alters results:- The combination \(\binom{10}{7}\) yields a negative coefficient. Adding all relevant results provides - these totals to derive the solution hence factor whether adverse impacts and demonstrate - thoroughly how the negative effects coefficients in computations. Thus derive a final result of \(-84\).