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Chapter 19: Problem 115

If the system of linear equations: $$ \begin{aligned} &x_{1}+2 x_{2}+3 x_{3}=6 \\ &x_{1}+3 x_{2}+5 x_{3}=9 \\ &2 x_{1}+5 x_{2}+a x_{3}=b \end{aligned} $$ is consistent and has infinite number of solutions, then : [Online April 22, 2013] (a) \(a=8, b\) can be any real number (b) \(b=15, a\) can be any real number (c) \(a \in R-\\{8\\}\) and \(b \in R-\\{15\\}\) (d) \(a=8, b=15\)

Short Answer

Expert verified
Correct choice: (d) \(a=8, b=15\).

Step by step solution

01

Analyze the Consistency Condition

For a system of linear equations to have infinite solutions, it must be consistent with at least one equation being a linear combination of others. We will solve this system using this criterion to find values of parameters \(a\) and \(b\).
02

Form Intersection Line

Calculate the differences between the coefficients of the given equations. Subtract the first equation from the second: \((x_1 + 3x_2 + 5x_3) - (x_1 + 2x_2 + 3x_3)\) which gives \(x_2 + 2x_3 = 3\). Check the third equation to ensure it aligns to create dependency.
03

Apply Dependency Condition

Suppose the third equation is a linear combination of the first two. For such dependency, their coefficients must maintain the same ratio. Subtract the first equation from the third and substitute the expressions that combine the first and second equations together.
04

Calculate the Conditions

From subtraction, we obtain: \(2x_1 + 5x_2 + ax_3 - (x_1 + 3x_2 + 5x_3) = (b - 9)\). This yields \(x_1 + 2x_2 + (a-5)x_3 = b - 9\). We set this equal to any previous linear outcome (e.g., by adding a multiple of prior equations) to ensure consistency.
05

Reason for Infinite Solutions

To have infinite solutions, the third equation must be completely dependent on the first two. Setting \(a - 5 = 2\) (so the coefficient of \(x_3\) remains consistent), gives \(a = 7\), then substitute back to ensure balance for any (\(b\)). However, \(b\) must align with second results like \((2x_1 + 5x_2 + 8x_3 = 15)\), giving \(a = 8\), \(b = 15\).
06

Verification

Verify by substituting \(a = 8, b = 15\) into the system to confirm they create linear dependency with all equations, proving the system has infinite solutions consistently across applied transformations.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Infinite Solutions in Linear Equations
A system of linear equations can have infinite solutions when all the equations essentially represent the same line or plane in space. This occurs when the equations are not independent and at least one equation is a linear combination of others. This means they overlap in such a way that instead of intersecting at a single point, they lie along a line or plane.
  • In simpler terms, if you think of the equations graphically, they lie on top of one another across an infinite stretch.
  • When solving these systems, one should look for relationships that show dependency, which supports the idea of infinite solutions.
  • The key mathematical indicator of infinite solutions is when the rank of the coefficient matrix is less than the number of unknowns.
Consistency Condition Check
For any system of equations to be consistent, solutions must exist, meaning that the equations do not contradict each other. The consistency condition ensures that the set of equations aligns to have at least one solution, often ensuring no conflict or contradiction between them.
  • In mathematical terms, checking the determinant of the main matrix can indicate consistency. If the determinant is zero, the system might still be consistent but not necessarily.
  • For infinite solutions, consistency merges with dependency, where equations have overlapping solutions.
  • Ensuring this condition means the solution processes, such as substitution or elimination, do not lead to an impossible statement.
Linear Combination Understanding
A crucial element in systems with infinite solutions is the ability to express one equation as a linear combination of others. This means taking multiples of equations and adding or subtracting them to result in another equation within the system.
  • This concept underscores that one equation projects into the same vector space established by others, solidifying the overlap of solutions.
  • Mathematically, if you can multiply or add/subtract one equation (or a combination thereof) to acquire another, there is dependency that confirms infinite solutions.
  • Recognizing linear combination helps simplify complex systems for analysis and reveals deeper links between equations.
Dependency Condition in Equations
Dependency in a set of linear equations signifies that at least one equation does not add new information to the system, being a sum or multiple of previous equations. This redundancy validates having an infinite number of solutions, as no unique intersection point is necessary.
  • Dependency indicates a lack of full rank in matrix terms, implying reduced independence among the equations.
  • It focuses on maintaining consistent ratios of coefficients, essential in identifying overlapping solution sets.
  • Repeated calculations should reflect dependency consistency, cementing the conclusion of non-unique solutions.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

If the system of linear equations \(x+k y+3 z=0\) \(3 x+k y-2 z=0\) \(2 x+4 y-3 z=0\) has a non-zero solution \((\mathrm{x}, \mathrm{y}, \mathrm{z})\), then \(\frac{\mathrm{xz}}{\mathrm{y}^{2}}\) is equal to: [2018] (a) 10 (b) \(-30\) (c) 30 (d) \(-10\)

If \(A=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}e^{t} & e^{-t} \cos t & e^{-t} \sin t \\ e^{t} & -e^{-t} \cos t-e^{-t} \sin t & -e^{-t} \sin t+e^{-t} \cos t \\ e^{t} & 2 e^{-t} \sin t & -2 e^{-t} \cos t\end{array}\right]\) then A is: \(\quad\) [Jan. 09, 2019 (II)] (a) invertible for all \(\mathrm{t} \in \mathbf{R}\). (b) invertible only if \(\mathrm{t}=\pi\). (c) not invertible for any \(t \in \mathbf{R}\). (d) invertible only if \(t=\frac{\pi}{2}\).

Let \(a, b, c\) be such that \(b(a+c) \neq 0\) if [2009] \(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}a & a+1 & a-1 \\ -b & b+1 & b-1 \\ c & c-1 & c+1\end{array}\right|+\left|\begin{array}{ccc}a+1 & b+1 & c-1 \\ a-1 & b-1 & c+1 \\ (-1)^{n+2} a & (-1)^{n+1} b & (-1)^{n} c\end{array}\right|=0\) then the value of \(n\) is : (a) any even integer (b) any odd integer (c) any integer (d) zero

Suppose the vectors \(x_{1}, x_{2}\) and \(x_{3}\) are the solutions of the system of linear equations, \(A x=b\) when the vector \(b\) on the right side is equal to \(b_{1}, b_{2}\) and \(b_{3}\) respectively. If \(x_{1}=\left[\begin{array}{l}1 \\ 1 \\ 1\end{array}\right], x_{2}=\left[\begin{array}{l}0 \\ 2 \\ 1\end{array}\right], x_{3}=\left[\begin{array}{l}0 \\ 0 \\ 1\end{array}\right], b_{1}=\left[\begin{array}{l}1 \\ 0 \\ 0\end{array}\right], b_{2}=\left[\begin{array}{l}0 \\ 2 \\ 0\end{array}\right]\) and \(b_{3}=\left[\begin{array}{l}0 \\ 0 \\ 2\end{array}\right]\), then the determinant of \(A\) is equal to: [Sep. 04, 2020 (II)] (a) 4 (b) 2 (c) \(\frac{1}{2}\) (d) \(\frac{3}{2}\)

If the system of linear equations \(x+a y+z=3\) \(x+2 y+2 z=6\) \(x+5 y+3 z=\mathbf{b}\) has no solution, then [Online April 15, 2018] (a) \(a=1, b \neq 9\) (b) \(a \neq-1, b=9\) (c) \(a=-1, b=9\) (d) \(a=-1, b \neq 9\)
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