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Chapter 2: Problem 20

Normal full-term babies are all born with certain instinctive reflexes that disappear by the age of two months. Because this three-month-old baby exhibits these reflexes, this baby is not a normal full-term baby. Which one of the following has a logical structure most like that of the argument above? (A) Because carbon dioxide tums limewater milky and this gas is oxygen, it will not turn limewater milky. (B) Because no ape can talk and Suzy is an ape, Suzy cannot talk. (C) Because humans are social animals and Henry is sociable, Henry is normal. (D) Because opossums have abdominal pouches and this animal lacks any such pouch, this animal is not an opossum. (E) Because some types of trees shed their leaves annually and this tree has not shed its leaves, it is not normal.

Short Answer

Expert verified
The argument in option (D) matches the original argument's logical structure.

Step by step solution

01

Understand the Argument Structure

The original argument states that if a normal condition disappears by a certain time (reflexes in full-term babies by two months), and the condition persists beyond that time (three-month-old baby still has reflexes), then the subject must not belong to the normal category (not a normal full-term baby). This can be summarized as: If a trait disappears by age x in normal category, and subject exhibits trait past age x, then subject is not in the normal category.
02

Analyze Each Option

We will break down each option to see if it follows the same logical structure as the original argument. - (A) If limewater turns milky with carbon dioxide and this is oxygen, it will not turn milky. This does not match as it discusses different outcomes, not category belonging based on trait persistence. - (B) Apes cannot talk, and if Suzy is an ape, she cannot talk. This presents a different structure, as it doesn't concern a trait disappearing or persisting past a normal point. - (C) Humans are social animals, and since Henry is sociable, he is normal. Again, this relates to category based on traits but does not involve persistence past a time frame. - (D) Opossums have pouches, and if this animal does not have a pouch, it is not an opossum. This matches as it concerns a defining trait that, if absent, means the subject is not in the normal category described. - (E) Since some trees shed leaves and this tree hasn't, it's not normal. Relates to a lack of a trait being a sign of not normalcy, not quite matching as it doesn't involve all entities of a category (only 'some').
03

Determine the Correct Answer

Option (D) matches the structure most closely. It speaks to an expected characteristic (having a pouch) and concludes that lacking this characteristic means being outside the defined category (not an opossum). This aligns with the original argument about persistence of traits ruling out normalcy.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Argument Structure
In logical reasoning, understanding the argument structure is crucial, especially when preparing for exams like the LSAT. The argument structure refers to the underlying framework that supports a particular argument.
In the original exercise, the argument is structured around the concept of trait persistence and category classification.
Key points of this argument structure include:
  • Identifying a normal condition, such as instinctive reflexes disappearing by a certain age in full-term babies.
  • Observing whether this condition persists beyond the expected time frame.
  • Drawing a conclusion about belonging to a category based on this observation.
The step-by-step breakdown involves analyzing whether the given conditions logically lead to the conclusion that a subject is not a part of the normal category if the traits persist past the usual cut-off point.
Logical Reasoning
Logical reasoning is the ability to analyze arguments and assertions in a clear, objective manner.
When tackling LSAT Logical Reasoning questions, it's important to evaluate how premises lead to a conclusion. In this problem, the logical reasoning involves recognizing that the persistence of certain traits beyond the typical time frame contradicts the expected norms.
This is a signature of evaluating conditions and implications logically. Some helpful approaches include:
  • Identifying premises and conclusions to see how they relate.
  • Checking if the assumption holds true in all cases.
  • Watching for similar patterns or deviations in other arguments.
These skills allow you to dissect the argument properly and find the most logically similar argument from the options presented.
Deductive Reasoning
Deductive reasoning is about drawing specific conclusions from general principles or premises.
In the context of the exercise, you are required to use deductive reasoning to determine if a subject fits into a category. Here's how to approach it:
  • Start with a general rule, like reflexes disappearing by a set age for normal babies.
  • Check if the individual case meets the conditions of this rule.
  • If not, deduce that the case does not fit the general rule.
The exercise uses deductive reasoning to conclude that a baby with persistent reflexes isn鈥檛 typical because it doesn鈥檛 align with the general rule for normal babies.
Understanding this type of reasoning can enhance decision-making in logical problems.
Standardized Test Preparation
Preparing for standardized tests, like the LSAT, involves mastering various test components, including logical reasoning.
Familiarity with argument types and structures can make a significant difference. Key preparation strategies include:
  • Practice with sample questions to become comfortable with different logical structures.
  • Develop a systematic approach to analyzing arguments, identifying premises, and drawing conclusions.
  • Learn to recognize common logical fallacies and assumptions that could mislead conclusions.
By focusing on these areas, students can improve their test performance.
It鈥檚 beneficial to review argument structures and formats regularly to build confidence in answering such questions.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The "suicide wave" that followed the United States stock market crash of October 1929 is more legend than fact. Careful examination of the monthly fugures on the causes of death in 1929 show that the number of suicides in October and in November was comparatively low. In only three other months were the monthly figures lower. During the summer months, when the stock market was flourishing, the number of suicides was substantially higher. Which one of the following, if true, would best challenge the conclusion of the passage? (A) The suicide rate is influenced by many psychological, interpersonal, and socictal factors during any given historical period. (B) October and November have almost always had relatively high suicide rates, even during the 1920 s and 1930 s. (C) The suicide rate in October and November of 1929 was considerably higher than the average for those months during several preceding and following years. (D) During the years surrounding the stock market crash, suicide rates were typically lower at the beginning of any calendar year than toward the end of that year. (E) Because of seasonal differences, the number of suicides in October and November of 1929 would not be expected to be the same as those for other months.

Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? (A) Urban pollution has not doubled in the past decade. (B) Doctors and patients generally ignore the role of allergies in asthma. (C) Bronchial inhalers are unsafe, even when used according to the recommended instructions. (D) The use of bronchial inhalers aggravates other discases that frequently occur among asthma sufferers and that often lead to fatal outcomes even when the asthma itself does not. (E) Increased urban pollution, improved recording of asthma deaths, and the use of bronchial inhalers are the only possible explanations of the increased death rate due to asthma.

Measurements of the extent of amino-acid decomposition in fragments of eggshell found at archaeological sites in such places as southern Africa can be used to obtain accurate dates for sites up to 200,000 years old. Because the decomposition is slower in cool climates, the technique can be used to obtain accurate dates for sites almost a million years old in cooler regions. The information above provides the most support for which one of the following conclusions? (A) The oldest archaeological sites are not in southern Africa, but rather in cooler regions of the world. (B) The amino-acid decomposition that enables eggshells to be used in dating does not take place in other organic matter found at ancient archacological sites. (C) If the site being dated has been subject to large unsuspected climatic fluctuations during the time the eggshell has been at the site, application of the technique is less likely to yield accurate results. (D) After 200,000 years in a cool climate, less than one-fifth of the amino acids in a fragment of eggshell that would provide material for dating with the technique will have decomposed and will thus no longer be suitable for examination by the technique. (E) Fragments of eggshell are more likely to be found at ancient archacological sites in warm regions of the world than at such sites in cooler regions.

Which one of the following, if true, lends the most support to the automakers' current position? (A) The more stringent the legislation restricting emissions becomes, the more difficult it becomes for automakers to provide the required technology economically. (B) Emissions-restriction technology can often be engineered so as to avoid reducing the efficiency with which an automobile uses fuel. (C) Not every new piece of legislation restricting emissions requires new automotive technology in order for automakers to comply with it. (D) The more automobiles there are on the road, the more stringent emission restrictions must be to prevent increased overall air pollution. (E) Unless forced to do so by the government, automakers rarely make changes in automotive technology that is not related to profitability.

Every photograph, because it involves the light rays that something emits hitting film, must in some obvious sense be true. But because it could always have been made to show things differently than it does, it cannot express the whole truth and, in that sense, is false. Therefore, nothing can ever be definitively proved with a photograph. Which one of the following is an assumption that would permit the conclusion above to be properly drawn? (A) Whatever is false in the sense that it cannot express the whole truth cannot furnish definitive proof. (B) The whole truth cannot be known. (C) It is not possible to determine the truthfulness of a photograph in any sense. (D) It is possible to use a photograph as corroborative evidence if there is additional evidence establishing the truth about the scene photographed. (E) If something is being photographed, then it is possible to prove definitively the truth about it.
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