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Private costs refer to the costs incurred directly by an individual, firm, or organization when engaging in economic activity. These costs include expenditures on labor, materials, capital, and other inputs used directly in the production process. For example, a factory owner's private costs might include wages for workers, the cost of raw materials, and the expense of maintaining and operating machinery.

Social costs, on the other hand, include both private costs and any external costs (negative externalities) that are borne by society as a whole due to an economic activity. External costs are not taken into account by the individual, firm, or organization when making decisions about production or consumption. For example, the social cost of operating a factory may include not only the private costs faced by the factory owner, but also the costs associated with air and water pollution generated by the factory that affects local residents' health and property values.

The primary difference between private costs and social costs lies in the consideration of externalities. While private costs are solely concerned with the direct costs faced by an individual, firm, or organization, social costs take a broader perspective and include external costs borne by society as a whole due to an economic activity. In some cases, private costs and social costs may be equal if there are no externalities associated with an economic activity. However, in the presence of negative externalities (costs imposed on society), social costs will be higher than private costs. This difference can lead to market inefficiencies, as individuals and firms may not fully account for the social costs when making decisions, resulting in overproduction or overconsumption of goods and services with negative externalities. For example, a person driving a car is primarily concerned with the private costs of purchasing and operating the car (e.g., gasoline, maintenance, insurance). However, the social cost of driving also includes the external costs, such as air pollution and traffic congestion, that affect other members of society. Consequently, a more comprehensive analysis would take both private and social costs into account when examining the overall impact of driving on society.