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The fundamental set of programs that control the internal operations of a computer's hardware is called the Operating System (OS).

An Operating System (OS) is a software that manages computer hardware and software resources, and provides services for computer programs. The main functions of an OS include: - Hardware management: Managing and controlling computer hardware, such as processors, memory, storage devices, and input/output devices. - Process management: Handling the creation, execution, and termination of processes and ensuring efficient utilization of system resources. - Memory management: Allocating and managing computer's memory, ensuring that each process has enough memory to execute. - File system management: Managing the storage, organization, and retrieval of data on storage devices. In conclusion, the Operating System (OS) is the fundamental set of programs that control the internal operations of a computer's hardware and provide important services to other software.