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Object-Oriented Programming, often abbreviated as OOP, is a paradigm that organizes software design around data, or objects, rather than functions and logic. An object can be thought of as a self-contained entity that contains attributes and methods that manipulate these attributes.

At the core of OOP are the concepts of classes and objects. A class is a blueprint that defines the nature of a future object, whereas an object is an instance of a class, created with specific values. OOP hinges on the principles of encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism, which together enhance the modularity and reusable ability of code. In essence, it allows complex systems to be broken down into more manageable and interconnected components.

An instance member function in C++ is associated with a particular instance of a class and has access to the instance's attributes and other methods. When you define a class in C++, you might include several functions that can only be called by instances or objects of that class.

For example, considering the exercise, the Rectangle class has two instance member functions: setWidth and doubleWidth. These functions implicitly receive the address of the object on which they are called, allowing them to operate on the object's data members and other member functions. Instance member functions are integral to OOP as they provide behavior to an object and define how it interacts with the outside world or with other objects.

Data members in an OOP context are variables that hold the state of an object, which are defined in a class. They represent the attributes or properties that an object can have.

For instance, in the provided Rectangle exercise, width is the data member of the class. Proper management of these members ensures data encapsulation, a key principle of OOP where the data is hidden from the outside world and can only be accessed or modified through a controlled interface, typically through member functions. This abstraction helps prevent unintended interference and misuse, keeping the data secure and integral to an object's functioning.

Member function ambiguity occurs in OOP when the name of a data member clashes with the name of a function parameter or a local variable. In such cases, C++ provides the this pointer to help resolve the ambiguity.

In the given exercise, both the parameter and the data member of the Rectangle class are named width, which creates a conflict. By using this->width, it explicitly tells the program that we want to refer to the data member of the object. The this pointer is therefore essential to maintain clear se object calls for successful operation and inter-method communication within a class.