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C++ is a highly versatile and powerful programming language known for its performance, which plays a crucial role in the development of software, games, and even complex systems. It extends the C language with object-oriented features, allowing the creation of modular and reusable code. In C++, one of the fundamental aspects to grasp is the use of primitive data types. These serve as the building blocks for creating more complex data structures and are integral to how a program manages data and memory.

Understanding how to declare and use these data types is critical for creating robust and efficient C++ programs. As an example, we could define an integer variable in C++ by writing int myNumber = 10;. This would allocate space in memory to hold the integer value of 10, which is a simple value represented by the int primitive data type. Similarly, variables of type char, float, and bool signify characters, floating-point numbers, and boolean values respectively.

Data types are an essential concept in programming, serving as a classification that dictates the kind of data a variable can hold and the operations that can be performed on it. In the context of C++ and many other programming languages, primitive data types provide the simplest form of data representation.

Primitive data types in C++, such as int, float, char, and bool, specify exactly what kind of data they store, whether it's an integer, floating-point number, single character, or a true/false value. Each data type requires a different amount of memory and has a range of values it can represent. For instance, a variable of type char can be used to store a single symbol like 'a', while an int can store whole numbers such as '-42' or '1024'.

Memory allocation in programming refers to the process of reserving space in a computer’s memory for the storage of data. In C++, primitive data types are allocated on the stack, which is a region of memory that is managed in a last-in, first-out (LIFO) manner.

The stack is known for its fast access time, as it does not require extra overhead for memory management. For example, when a function is called, all of its local variables including primitives are pushed onto the stack. Upon completion, they are 'popped' off, which allows for efficient memory use. The fixed size of primitive data types makes them ideal for stack allocation as their size is known at compile time, which simplifies memory management and contributes to faster execution speed.

Basic programming concepts form the foundation of writing code across various programming languages. These concepts include variables, control structures, data structures, syntax, and semantics among others.

In C++, a variable is a named space in memory used to store data that can change during program execution. Control structures such as 'if' statements, 'for' and 'while' loops dictate the flow of the program execution. Understanding these along with fundamental data types is crucial for anyone learning to program. For instance, a loop can iterate over a series of values stored in an array, which is a composite data structure made up of elements of a primitive data type. Mastering these elementary concepts provides a strong base for tackling more advanced programming challenges.