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Chapter 2: Problem 1

List five nonproprietary Internet applications and the application-layer protocols that they use.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Email, web browsing, file transfer, remote login, and streaming media are nonproprietary applications, using protocols like SMTP, HTTP, FTP, SSH, and RTP respectively.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding Internet Applications

Before listing the applications, it's important to understand what is meant by 'nonproprietary Internet applications.' These are applications that are widely used on the Internet and are not owned by a single company, meaning they are open to use, modify, and distribute. Examples include web browsers, email clients, file transfer utilities, etc.
02

Identifying Nonproprietary Internet Applications

We need to identify five widely recognized nonproprietary Internet applications. These applications often have protocols that define how they operate over the Internet. Examples include: 1. Email 2. Web Browsing 3. File Transfer 4. Remote Login 5. Streaming Media.
03

Associating Protocols with Applications

Next, we match each identified application with its corresponding application-layer protocol: 1. Email uses protocols like SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol), and POP3 (Post Office Protocol). 2. Web Browsing is facilitated by HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) or HTTPS (HTTP Secure). 3. File Transfer generally uses FTP (File Transfer Protocol). 4. Remote Login is handled by SSH (Secure Shell) or Telnet. 5. Streaming Media often uses protocols such as RTP (Real-Time Protocol).
04

Summarizing the Findings

Compiling the findings, we have: - Email: SMTP, IMAP, POP3 - Web Browsing: HTTP, HTTPS - File Transfer: FTP - Remote Login: SSH, Telnet - Streaming Media: RTP

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Application-layer protocols
Application-layer protocols are crucial as they define the rules and conventions for communication between applications over the Internet. They specify the format and order of messages exchanged and the actions taken in response to each message. Each Internet application typically operates on a specific protocol that governs its data exchange. For instance:
  • SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) and IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) are used for email communication, handling the sending and retrieving of messages efficiently.
  • HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) ensures smooth data transfer when browsing the web.
  • Protocols like FTP (File Transfer Protocol) oversee the movement of files between client and server.
These protocols are key in making sure each application performs its function reliably and coherently over various networks.
Nonproprietary applications
Nonproprietary applications refer to those that are widely available and not owned by a single entity or corporation. They are open for public use, modification, and distribution, supporting the collaborative nature of the Internet. This openness often leads to increased innovation and improved performance. Some familiar examples of nonproprietary applications include:
  • Web browsers, enabling users to surf the internet.
  • Email clients, for sending and receiving electronic mail.
  • File transfer utilities, assisting in the transfer of data files between systems.
Nonproprietary applications allow for a broad user base, ensuring that these technologies remain relevant and are continually improved through community input.
Examples of Internet applications
Internet applications cover varied functionalities and purposes, ranging from communication to data transfer. Five prominent examples embodying these functionalities are:
  • Email applications: These facilitate electronic communication using SMTP, IMAP, and POP3 protocols.
  • Web browsers: They enable the retrieval and display of web pages, primarily using HTTP or HTTPS protocols.
  • File transfer utilities: Programs like FTP clients help users upload and download files from remote servers.
  • Remote login utilities: Applications such as SSH (Secure Shell) allow users to access and manage systems remotely and securely.
  • Streaming media applications: They deliver content like videos and music through protocols like RTP (Real-Time Protocol).
These applications integrate seamlessly into everyday tasks, making the Internet an essential tool for work, learning, and entertainment.
Communication protocols
Communication protocols are sets of rules that enable electronic devices to communicate with each other. In the context of the Internet, these protocols standardize the ways data is transmitted and received across networks. They ensure that devices with different architectures and operating systems can all participate in the exchange of information. Some fundamental protocols include:
  • SMTP and IMAP, which manage the sending and receiving of emails respectively.
  • HTTP, which governs most of the interactions conducted over the web.
  • FTP, which facilitates the secure and organized transfer of files.
  • SSH, enabling secure remote logins to other machines.
These protocols are the backbone of everyday Internet activity, maintaining order and efficiency in the vast network of connections making up the Internet.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

True or false? a. A user requests a Web page that consists of some text and three images. For this page, the client will send one request message and receive four response messages. b. Two distinct Web pages (for example, www. mit. edu/research. html and www. mit. edu/students. html) can be sent over the same persistent connection. c. With nonpersistent connections between browser and origin server, it is possible for a single TCP segment to carry two distinct HTTP request messages. d. The Date: header in the HTTP response message indicates when the object in the response was last modified. e. HTTP response messages never have an empty message body.

Suppose within your Web browser you click on a link to obtain a Web page. The IP address for the associated URL is not cached in your local host, so a DNS lookup is necessary to obtain the IP address. Suppose that \(n\) DNS servers are visited before your host receives the IP address from DNS; the successive visits incur an RTT of RTT \(_{1}, \ldots\), RTT \(_{n^{*}}\). Further suppose that the Web page associated with the link contains exactly one object, consisting of a small amount of HTML text. Let RTT \(_{0}\) denote the RTT between the local host and the server containing the object. Assuming zero transmission time of the object, how much time elapses from when the client clicks on the link until the client receives the object?

Consider a new peer Alice that joins BitTorrent without possessing any chunks. Without any chunks, she cannot become a top-four uploader for any of the other peers, since she has nothing to upload. How then will Alice get her first chunk?

Suppose Bob joins a BitTorrent torrent, but he does not want to upload any data to any other peers (so called free-riding). a. Bob claims that he can receive a complete copy of the file that is shared by the swarm. Is Bob's claim possible? Why or why not? b. Bob further claims that he can further make his "free-riding" more efficient by using a collection of multiple computers (with distinct IP addresses) in the computer lab in his department. How can he do that?

Describe how Web caching can reduce the delay in receiving a requested object. Will Web caching reduce the delay for all objects requested by a user or for only some of the objects? Why?
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