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Chapter 1: Problem 1

What is the difference between a host and an end system? List several different types of end systems. Is a Web server an end system?

Short Answer

Expert verified
Hosts are network-connected devices; end systems directly interact with users. End systems include PCs, laptops, and smartphones. A web server is not an end system.

Step by step solution

01

Define Host

A host is any device that connects to a network, such as the internet, and can send and receive data. This can include computers, servers, smartphones, and any other device that uses network resources.
02

Define End System

An end system is a type of host that directly interfaces with users. It is at the edge of the network, meaning it is the point where the network ends, and is often used to run applications that serve user needs, like email, web browsing, or streaming.
03

Compare Host and End System

While a host refers broadly to any network-connected device, an end system specifically refers to devices that serve as the user's point of contact with the network. All end systems are hosts, but not all hosts are end systems because end systems focus on user interface and application support.
04

Identify Types of End Systems

End systems can be of various types, including personal computers, laptops, tablets, smartphones, and gaming consoles. These devices run applications that users interact with, like web browsers or email clients.
05

Determine if a Web Server is an End System

While a web server is a host, it serves a different purpose. It's part of the network infrastructure rather than an end system because it primarily provides resources and information to other end systems rather than interfacing directly with users.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Host
In computer networking, the term "host" is used to refer to any device that connects to a network and can communicate with other devices on that network. A key characteristic of a host is its ability to send and receive data across the network. This includes a wide variety of devices:
  • Desktop computers
  • Laptops
  • Smartphones
  • Servers
  • Printers
Essentially, if a device interacts with network services, it can be considered a host. Hosts play a central role in the functionality of a network, as they are the points of data creation and consumption. It's important to note that while all end systems are hosts, not all hosts qualify as end systems, as further discussed in the next section.
End System
An end system represents a particular type of host that provides a user-oriented interface, meaning it is the endpoint in network communication. These devices are where users access applications that fulfill their needs.
  • Personal computers
  • Tablets
  • Smartphones
  • Video game consoles
End systems are typically positioned at the edge of a network, serving as the primary contact point between users and network resources. They run applications like web browsers or email clients, providing a user-friendly interface for network interactions. While all end systems function as hosts, their defining characteristic is their role in directly facilitating user access to network services.
Web Server
Though a web server is often considered a host within a network, it primarily functions as a component of the network infrastructure rather than an end system. Its main role is to manage, store, and provide web content to other devices.
  • Offers resources like web pages, images, and files
  • Processes requests from end systems
  • Maintains continuous uptime to provide reliable access to web data
A web server can be understood as a middleman in network communications, providing the necessary resources and data that an end system requests. It does not interface directly with the user but instead supports applications that do. This distinction is pivotal, as it separates the infrastructure services from user interfacing operations.
Network Infrastructure
The term "network infrastructure" describes the composite hardware, software, and firmware that support network communications within an organization or large network setting. It encompasses all elements required to ensure reliable and efficient data transfer between all hosts and end systems. Key components of network infrastructure include:
  • Routers and switches, which facilitate data routing and forwarding
  • Cables and wireless standards that connect devices physically and allow data transmission
  • Servers, including web servers, that host critical network services
The infrastructure acts as the backbone of network operations, efficiently guiding data toward its destination through a series of interconnected pathways and devices. By maintaining this infrastructure, organizations ensure smooth connectivity and uninterrupted access to digital resources across networks.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Which layers in the Internet protocol stack does a router process? Which layers does a link-layer switch process? Which layers does a host process?

Consider sending a large file of \(F\) bits from Host A to Host B. There are three links (and two switches) between \(A\) and \(B\), and the links are uncongested (that is, no queuing delays). Host A segments the file into segments of \(S\) bits each and adds 80 bits of header to each segment, forming packets of \(L=80+S\) bits. Each link has a transmission rate of \(R\) bps. Find the value of \(S\) that minimizes the delay of moving the file from Host A to Host B. Disregard propagation delay.

Consider the queuing delay in a router buffer. Let \(I\) denote traffic intensity; that is, \(I=L a / R\). Suppose that the queuing delay takes the form \(I L / R(1-I)\) for \(I<1\). a. Provide a formula for the total delay, that is, the queuing delay plus the transmission delay. b. Plot the total delay as a function of \(L / R\).

Suppose two hosts, A and B, are separated by 20,000 kilometers and are connected by a direct link of \(R=2\) Mbps. Suppose the propagation speed over the link is \(2.5 \cdot 10^{8}\) meters/sec. a. Calculate the bandwidth-delay product, \(R \cdot d_{\text {prop }}\) b. Consider sending a file of 800,000 bits from Host A to Host B. Suppose the file is sent continuously as one large message. What is the maximum number of bits that will be in the link at any given time? c. Provide an interpretation of the bandwidth-delay product. d. What is the width (in meters) of a bit in the link? Is it longer than a football field? e. Derive a general expression for the width of a bit in terms of the propagation speed \(s\), the transmission rate \(R\), and the length of the link \(m\).

Consider the discussion in Section \(1.3\) of packet switching versus circuit switching in which an example is provided with a \(1 \mathrm{Mbps}\) link. Users are generating data at a rate of \(100 \mathrm{kbps}\) when busy, but are busy generating data only with probability \(p=0.1\). Suppose that the \(1 \mathrm{Mbps}\) link is replaced by a 1 Gbps link. a. What is \(N\), the maximum number of users that can be supported simultaneously under circuit switching? b. Now consider packet switching and a user population of \(M\) users. Give a formula (in terms of \(p, M, N\) ) for the probability that more than \(N\) users are sending data.
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