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Chapter 5: Problem 88

Which of the following statements is/arw correct? (a) Hypophosphorous acid shows reducing properties (b) Pyrophosphoric acid has although 4 OH groups bur it is a dibasic acid (c) Orthophosphorous acid is obtained during disproportionation of hypophosphorous acid (d) Metaphosphoric acid on heating gives \(\mathrm{P}_{4} \mathrm{O}\)

Short Answer

Expert verified
Statement (a) is correct.

Step by step solution

01

Analyze Each Statement

We need to evaluate each statement one by one to determine if it is correct. Start by reading each statement carefully.
02

Evaluate Statement (a)

Statement (a) claims that hypophosphorous acid shows reducing properties. Hypophosphorous acid, with the chemical formula H鈧働O鈧�, is indeed a strong reducing agent. Therefore, this statement is correct.
03

Evaluate Statement (b)

Statement (b) asserts that pyrophosphoric acid has 4 OH groups but is a dibasic acid. Pyrophosphoric acid \(H_4P_2O_7\) has 4 OH groups (two of these being ionizable) and it is actually a tetrabasic acid due to the presence of four replaceable hydrogen atoms, not dibasic. Hence, this statement is incorrect.
04

Evaluate Statement (c)

Statement (c) claims orthophosphorous acid is obtained from the disproportionation of hypophosphorous acid. Disproportionation of hypophosphorous acid (H鈧働O鈧�) typically leads to the formation of phosphine (PH鈧�) and phosphoric acid, not orthophosphorous acid. Thus, this statement is incorrect.
05

Evaluate Statement (d)

Statement (d) suggests that metaphosphoric acid on heating gives \(\mathrm{P}_4\mathrm{O}_x\). Metaphosphoric acid \((HPO_3)_n\) polymerizes upon heating and does produce \(P_4O_{10}\) (not \(P_4O_x\)). Hence, this statement is incorrect because the product should specifically be \(P_4O_{10}\).

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Hypophosphorous Acid
Hypophosphorous acid, also known by its chemical formula \(H_3PO_2\), is quite unique in its behavior due to its reducing properties. This makes it a powerful agent in many chemical reactions. In simple terms, a reducing agent donates electrons to another substance in a chemical reaction, thereby reducing that substance. Here are some key characteristics of hypophosphorous acid:
  • It is commonly used to reduce metal ions into their elemental states.
  • It contains only one replaceable hydrogen atom within its structure, making it a monobasic acid.
  • It is commonly utilized in electroplating and in the synthesis of fine chemicals.
The reducing nature of hypophosphorous acid stems from the presence of its phosphorus atom bonded to more hydrogens than oxygens. This composition facilitates the donation of electrons in reactions, making it effective in transforming other substances.
Pyrophosphoric Acid
Pyrophosphoric acid, represented as \(H_4P_2O_7\), is a polyphosphoric acid. Contrary to some beliefs, this acid is actually tetrabasic, not dibasic, because it has four hydrogen atoms capable of ionizing. When an acid is labeled `dibasic', it means it can donate two protons \(H^+\). However, in the case of pyrophosphoric acid:
  • It contains four hydroxyl \(OH\) groups, not just two, indicative of its tetrabasic nature.
  • It acts as a strong dehydrating agent because of its capacity to release water upon heating.
  • It has applications in biochemistry, specifically in buffer solutions due to its polyhedral structure.
Understanding the property that this acid can donate up to four protons helps clarify why pyrophosphoric acid can't simply be described as dibasic鈥攊t's structurally and functionally prepared to release more.
Metaphosphoric Acid
Metaphosphoric acid, with the general formula \((HPO_3)_n\), behaves uniquely when subjected to heat. Its structure is cyclic or chain phosphate, and upon heating, it polymerizes to form other compounds. The crucial reaction here involves the transformation into tetraphosphorus decoxide (\(P_4O_{10}\)). This specific polymerization process is important in the following ways:
  • The polymerization results in products that are used as dehydrating agents.
  • It combines to form complex chains or rings, which makes it useful in various chemical syntheses.
  • It plays a role in certain industrial processes where dehydrated forms of phosphorus compounds are necessary.
Through polymerization, metaphosphoric acid accommodates the formation of stable, useful compounds, demonstrating its versatility in inorganic chemistry.
Disproportionation Reaction
A disproportionation reaction is a fascinating type of redox reaction where a single substance is simultaneously oxidized and reduced. This concept is crucial for understanding elements like phosphorus and their chemical behavior. In the context of hypophosphorous acid:
  • Disproportionation often results in the production of different phosphorus oxyacids, though from hypophosphorous acid, you typically obtain phosphine \((PH_3)\) and phosphoric acid.
  • The substance undergoing disproportionation must be in an oxidizable and reducible state simultaneously, such as certain valence states of phosphorus.
  • Recognizing this behavior is integral to the synthesis of various industrial compounds.
By grasping the concept of disproportionation reactions, you can better understand the chemistry of phosphorus compounds, which often participate in these reactions due to their ability to change in oxidation state.

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