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Magazine Chapter 1: Problem 27
Draw a line-bond structure for vinyl chloride, \(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{Cl}\), the starting material from which PVC [poly(vinyl chloride)] plastic is made.
Short Answer
Expert verified
Vinyl chloride's line-bond structure is drawn as: CH2=CH-Cl.
Step by step solution
01
Identify the Atoms in the Molecule
Vinyl chloride consists of 2 carbon (C) atoms, 3 hydrogen (H) atoms, and 1 chlorine (Cl) atom. It's important to know the number and types of atoms to draw the structure accurately.
02
Understand the Structure
Vinyl chloride is an alkene with a double bond. Typically, one carbon atom (often represented as C1) is doubly bonded to another carbon atom (C2). This double bond is a key feature of the vinyl group.
03
Determine How Atoms are Connected
In vinyl chloride, the typical bond arrangement is C1 having a double bond with C2. The second carbon atom (C2) is bonded to a chlorine atom (Cl). Each carbon atom completes its four bonds with hydrogen atoms: C1 forms two bonds with hydrogen atoms, while C2 forms one bond with a hydrogen atom.
04
Sketch the Line-Bond Structure
Begin by drawing two carbon atoms connected by a double bond: C=C. Attach two hydrogen atoms to C1 (the left carbon) and one hydrogen atom to C2 (the right carbon). Lastly, attach a chlorine atom to C2. This can be drawn as:
CH2=CH-Cl.
In line-bond structures, bonds and atoms are represented by lines and important atoms like Cl are labeled.
05
Verify the Structure
Count the number of bonds around each atom: C1 should have 3 sigma bonds and 1 pi bond (total 4 bonds), C2 should have 3 sigma bonds and 1 pi bond (total 4 bonds), Cl should have 1 bond (single sigma) attached to it, and hydrogens 1 bond each. This confirms that the structure satisfies the octet rule and matches the molecular formula.
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Key Concepts
These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.
Line-Bond Structure
In organic chemistry, a line-bond structure is a simplified way to represent molecules. It's an intuitive diagram that makes understanding complex molecules easier. Instead of drawing all individual atoms and their connections, each line represents a bond between atoms. In vinyl chloride,
(CH2=CHCl), the line-bond structure simplifies the visualization of how atoms are bonded.
The vinyl group鈥檚 double bond (represented by
- Each line represents a pair of shared electrons, or a bond. A single line stands for a single bond while a double line indicates a double bond.
- Carbon atoms are typically not labeled specifically unless necessary, as they are implied at the junctions of lines.
- Key atoms like chlorine are labeled to highlight their importance in the structure.
The vinyl group鈥檚 double bond (represented by
= symbol) plays a major role in how the molecule reacts and its incorporation into larger compounds like PVC. Alkene Chemistry
Alkenes are hydrocarbons with at least one carbon-carbon double bond. This double bond is what distinguishes alkenes from other types of hydrocarbons. The double bond in alkenes, such as in vinyl chloride, is a source of reactivity. In chemistry, this double bond makes alkenes reactive sites capable of undergoing various interesting chemical reactions.
- The double bond consists of one sigma (蟽) bond and one pi (蟺) bond, providing different spatial arrangements and areas of electron density.
- This arrangement causes alkenes like vinyl chloride to have a planar structure, which can affect how they interact with other molecules.
- Alkenes are utilized as starting materials for producing diverse chemical products, owing to their versatile nature and reactivity.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is a versatile plastic that is widely used in industry and everyday products. It is synthesized from vinyl chloride monomers through a process called polymerization. During this process, the double bonds in the vinyl chloride molecules open up and link together, forming chains of PVC.
- The polymerization transforms vinyl chloride from a reactive monomer to a stable plastic.
- PVC is known for its durability, resistance to environmental degradation, and versatility across different applications, from piping to clothing materials.
- Because of its chlorine content, PVC can exhibit fire-retarding properties, making it useful in safer building materials.
