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Magazine Chapter 3: Problem 3
Draw the structure of a compound fitting each description: a. an aldehyde with molecular formula C\(_4\)H\(_8\)O b. a ketone with molecular formula C\(_4\)H\(_8\)O c. a carboxylic acid with molecular formula C\(_4\)H\(_8\)O\(_2\) d. an ester with molecular formula C\(_4\)H\(_8\)O\(_2\)
Short Answer
Expert verified
a. Butanal, b. Butan-2-one, c. Butanoic acid, d. Ethyl acetate.
Step by step solution
01
Identify the Functional Group for Aldehyde
Aldehydes have the functional group -CHO. Given that the molecular formula is \( \text{C}_4\text{H}_8\text{O} \), the aldehyde should consist of an alkyl chain with three carbons and an aldehyde group.
02
Draw the Structure for Aldehyde
The aldehyde can be represented as butanal: \( \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{CH}_2\text{CHO} \).
03
Identify the Functional Group for Ketone
Ketones have the functional group -C(=O)- located between two carbon atoms. With a molecular formula \( \text{C}_4\text{H}_8\text{O} \), the ketone should have two methyl groups on either side of the ketone group.
04
Draw the Structure for Ketone
The ketone can be represented as butan-2-one: \( \text{CH}_3\text{COCH}_2\text{CH}_3 \).
05
Identify the Functional Group for Carboxylic Acid
Carboxylic acids have the functional group -COOH. The molecular formula given is \( \text{C}_4\text{H}_8\text{O}_2 \), so it must be a four-carbon acid.
06
Draw the Structure for Carboxylic Acid
The carboxylic acid can be represented as butanoic acid: \( \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{CH}_2\text{COOH} \).
07
Identify the Functional Group for Ester
Esters have the functional group -COO-. The given formula is \( \text{C}_4\text{H}_8\text{O}_2 \), indicating a possible four-carbon chain with an ester group.
08
Draw the Structure for Ester
The ester can be represented as ethyl acetate: \( \text{CH}_3\text{COOCH}_2\text{CH}_3 \).
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Key Concepts
These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.
Aldehydes
Aldehydes are a group of organic compounds known for containing the -CHO functional group. This group is always located at the end of a carbon chain. In an aldehyde, a carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom (
C=O), also known as a carbonyl group, and single-bonded to a hydrogen atom. The general structure can be represented as
RCHO, where
R denotes the carbon chain attached to the carbonyl group.
A common example from this exercise is butanal, with the formula CH鈧僀H鈧侰H鈧侰HO. Butanal has four carbon atoms, and the aldehyde group is at the end of the chain. This structure matches the molecular formula C鈧凥鈧圤.
A common example from this exercise is butanal, with the formula CH鈧僀H鈧侰H鈧侰HO. Butanal has four carbon atoms, and the aldehyde group is at the end of the chain. This structure matches the molecular formula C鈧凥鈧圤.
- Aldehydes have distinctive smells, often pleasant.
- They are primarily used in the cosmetic and fragrance industries.
- Aldehydes undergo oxidation reactions to form carboxylic acids.
Ketones
Ketones are characterized by the presence of a carbonyl group like aldehydes, but crucially, this group is positioned between two carbon atoms, meaning they cannot be at the end of a carbon chain. Their general formula is RC(=O)R', where R and R' are alkyl or aryl groups.
In the context of the exercise, butan-2-one is an example of a ketone with a molecular formula C鈧凥鈧圤. Here, the carbonyl group is situated between the second and third carbon atoms, specifically CH鈧僀OCH鈧侰H鈧�.
In the context of the exercise, butan-2-one is an example of a ketone with a molecular formula C鈧凥鈧圤. Here, the carbonyl group is situated between the second and third carbon atoms, specifically CH鈧僀OCH鈧侰H鈧�.
- Ketones are often used as solvents in industrial applications.
- They are found in many sugars and play a key role in energy production in the body.
- Unlike aldehydes, ketones are usually resistant to further oxidation under mild conditions.
Carboxylic Acids
Carboxylic acids are organic compounds containing a -COOH functional group. They are characterized by a carbon atom bonded to a hydroxyl group (OH) and double-bonded to an oxygen atom (O), forming a carbonyl group.
For instance, butanoic acid in this exercise, has a molecular formula of C鈧凥鈧圤鈧�, with its structure represented as CH鈧僀H鈧侰H鈧侰OOH. This highlights the four-carbon chain terminating with the carboxyl group.
For instance, butanoic acid in this exercise, has a molecular formula of C鈧凥鈧圤鈧�, with its structure represented as CH鈧僀H鈧侰H鈧侰OOH. This highlights the four-carbon chain terminating with the carboxyl group.
- Carboxylic acids have a sour taste and are responsible for the acidic properties of vinegar (acetic acid).
- They are polar and capable of hydrogen bonding, leading to high boiling points relative to their molecular weight.
- They are essential precursors for synthesizing other compounds such as esters and amides.
Esters
Esters are derived from carboxylic acids and alcohols through a condensation reaction. They contain the -COO- functional group, where a carbon is double-bonded to one oxygen and single-bonded to another oxygen, which is further connected to a carbon chain.
The structure given in the exercise is ethyl acetate, with the formula CH鈧僀OOCH鈧侰H鈧�. This features the ester functional group linking two carbon chains, resulting in the overall molecular formula C鈧凥鈧圤鈧�.
The structure given in the exercise is ethyl acetate, with the formula CH鈧僀OOCH鈧侰H鈧�. This features the ester functional group linking two carbon chains, resulting in the overall molecular formula C鈧凥鈧圤鈧�.
- Esters are often found in perfumes and flavorings due to their sweet and fruity odors.
- Their chemical stability makes them suitable for use as solvents in paints and coatings.
- Esters can be hydrolyzed back to carboxylic acids and alcohols in a process known as saponification, especially in the presence of a strong base.
