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Chapter 27: Problem 11

Estimate the quanine content in turtle DNA if adenine \(=28.7 \%\) and cytosine \(=21.3 \%\).

Short Answer

Expert verified
The guanine content is 21.3%.

Step by step solution

01

DNA Base Pairing Rule

In DNA, adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G). Therefore, the percentage of adenine is equal to the percentage of thymine, and the percentage of cytosine is equal to the percentage of guanine.
02

Calculate Thymine Percentage

Since adenine pairs with thymine, the percentage of thymine is equal to the percentage of adenine. Therefore, the percentage of thymine is 28.7%.
03

Calculate Guanine Percentage

Using the information that cytosine pairs with guanine, the percentage of guanine is equal to the percentage of cytosine. Therefore, the percentage of guanine is 21.3%.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Adenine
Adenine is one of the four nucleotides that make up the building blocks of DNA. Its structure is classified as a purine, which means it has a two-ring base made of carbon and nitrogen atoms.
Adenine pairs with a molecule called thymine in DNA. This pairing is due to hydrogen bonds, which act as tiny attractions between the molecules. The adenine-thymine (A-T) pair is essential for keeping the DNA stable and ensuring that it is correctly duplicated during processes like cell division.
  • Adenine and thymine always pair in a 1:1 ratio in the DNA structure.
  • This pair helps maintain the structure of the DNA double helix.
  • Any changes or mutations with adenine pairing might impact the DNA, influencing genetic information.
Understanding adenine's role is crucial as it plays a part in encoding the genes that store our genetic information.
Cytosine
Cytosine is another fundamental component of DNA, falling into the category of pyrimidines, which have a single ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms. In the DNA structure, cytosine pairs specifically with guanine.
This pairing is also maintained through hydrogen bonds, but in the case of guanine and cytosine, there are three hydrogen bonds compared to the two in adenine-thymine. This makes the cytosine-guanine (C-G) pair slightly more stable than the A-T pair.
  • Cytosine pairs with guanine in a specific complementary base pairing mechanism.
  • The triple hydrogen bond adds to the stability of the DNA molecule.
  • Cytosine's pairing helps regulate genetic information replication and expression.
Errors in cytosine pairing or mutations can lead to changes in genetic material, possibly leading to diseases.
Guanine
Guanine, a purine like adenine, has a two-ring structure. Its role in DNA involves pairing with cytosine to form the stable cytosine-guanine pair through triple hydrogen bonds.
As part of the double helix, guanine maintains the genetic blueprint within every cell, ensuring the accurate opening of genetic instructions.
  • The C-G pair is crucial for the integrity and stability of the genetic code.
  • Guanine's presence directly correlates to cytosine's percentage due to their specific pairing.
  • It plays a role in genetic variations when mutations occur in its pairing process.
Understanding guanine is key because its interaction plays a significant role in genetic function and stability.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

(a) The two most acidic hydrogens of uracil have \(\mathrm{p} K_{\mathrm{a}}\) 's of \(9.5\) and \(14.2\), respectively. Match these \(\mathrm{p} K_{\mathrm{a}}^{\prime}\) s with the hydrogens in the structural formula and provide structures for the most stable resonance contributors of the monoanion and the dianion. (b) The \(\mathrm{p} K_{\mathrm{a}}\) of the conjugate acid of triethylamine is \(10.4\). Is triethylamine a strong enough base to convert uracil to its monoanion? To its dianion?

In one of the early experiments designed to elucidate the genetic code, Marshall Nirenberg of the U.S. National Institutes of Health (Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1968 ) prepared a synthetic mRNA in which all the bases were uracil. He added this poly(U) to a cell-free system containing all the necessary materials for protein biosynthesis. A polymer of a single amino acid was obtained. What amino acid was polymerized?

When the RNA of a retrovirus is transcribed, what DNA base is the complement of the uracil in the viral RNA?

What species is formed from the DMT-protecting group when it is removed using dichloroacetic acid? (Ar \(=p-\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{OC}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{4}\) )

When 6 -chloropurine is heated with aqueous sodium hydroxide, it is quantitatively converted to hypoxanthine. Suggest a reasonable mechanism for this reaction.
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