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Draw a dot diagram for the molecule \(\mathrm{SO}_{2}\), sulfur dioxide, a gas that comes from burning coal and is responsible for acid rain. (Hint: Sulfur is in the mid?le.)

Draw a dot diagram for the molecule \(\mathrm{O}_{3}\), ozone, the molecule in our upper atmosphere that protects us from the Sun's harmful ultraviolet electromagnetic radiation. (Hint: Only the middle oxygen atom forms bonds with the two other oxygen atoms.)

A student claims that the bonds in ozone are really not double bonds or single bonds but somewhere between (roughly \(1.5\) bonds between each oxvgen). Justify this statement.

Experiments show that it takes more energy to break the bond between oxygen atoms in the \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) molecule than in the \(\mathrm{O}_{3}\) molecule. How can you explain this?

How many covalent bonds do you think would form between the phosphorus atoms in the molecule \(\mathrm{P}_{2}\) ? Explain your answer and draw a dot diagram.

Draw a dot diagram for the nitrate \(\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}\right)\) ion.

The acetate ion has the formula \(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{O}_{2}^{-}\). Draw a dot diagram for it given the following atomic connections. (Hint: Watch for resonance forms.)

Draw a dot diagram for perchloric acid, \(\mathrm{HClO}_{4}\). The chlorine is the central atom to which all the oxygens are attached, and the hydrogen is attached to one of the oxygens.

What is the most electronegative element in the periodic table? What is the least electronegative element? What kind of compound would form if these two elements were brought together?

How do the categories metal and nonmetal relate to electronegativity?