91Ó°ÊÓ

There are three isotopes of hydrogen-protium, deuterium, and tritium. Protium contains one proton and no neutrons. Deuterium contains one more neutron than protium, and tritium contains one more neutron than deuterium. For each isotope, give the atomic number, mass number, number of protons/ neutrons/electrons, and full atomic symbol.

For each pair, indicate which atom loses an electron more easily: (a) \(\mathrm{Na}\) or \(\mathrm{K}\) (b) Na or Al (c) \(\mathrm{Rb}\) or \(\mathrm{Ca}\) (d) \(\mathrm{S}\) or \(\mathrm{Cl}\) (e) Br or Kr

Explain the difference between mass number and atomic mass.

Explain why an alternative name for the vertical columns in the periodic table is families.

Explain why the first and second statements of Dalton's atomic theory are not exactly true.

Although not discussed until the next chapter, what process do you think chemists mean by an atom's second ionization energy?

Atom A has 35 protons and 44 neutrons in its nucleus. Atom \(\mathrm{B}\) has 35 protons and 46 neutrons in its nucleus. Should we expect similar or different chemical properties for these atoms? Explain.

The first ionization energy is the minimum energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom. Upon escape from the atom, how would the now free electron differ if you had used more energy than the minimum first ionization energy as compared to using the exact first ionization energy?

How can a mass spectrometer determine if a rack sample is from Earth or from some extraterrestrial source?