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Chapter 18: Problem 8

What is meant by the term macromolecule? Are polymers macromolecules? Explain.

Short Answer

Expert verified
A macromolecule is a large molecule consisting of numerous smaller units called monomers bonded together, forming a complex and long chain-like structure. Polymers are considered macromolecules as they are made up of many repeated monomers bonded together through polymerization. Examples of polymers include carbohydrate polymers, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Step by step solution

01

Definition of Macromolecule

A macromolecule is a very large molecule consisting of numerous smaller units called monomers. These monomers are bonded together through chemical bonds, and they form a complex and often long chain-like structure. Macromolecules are usually formed through a process called polymerization, where multiple monomers are linked together.
02

Polymers and Macromolecules

Polymers are indeed macromolecules. Polymers are large molecules made up of many repeated subunits called monomers, which are bonded together through a process called polymerization. Common examples of polymers are carbohydrate polymers (like cellulose and starch), proteins, and nucleic acids (like DNA and RNA). In conclusion, the term "macromolecule" refers to a very large molecule formed from the binding of numerous smaller monomers. Polymers are considered macromolecules since they're also made of monomers bonded together in a long chain-like structure.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Polymers
Polymers are large, complex molecules created by linking smaller units called monomers. Think of polymers like a long chain of beads, where each bead represents a monomer. These substances can have varying properties depending on the type of monomers used and the structure of the polymer chain. Polymers are incredibly versatile and can be found in countless materials around us.
  • Natural polymers include proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides.
  • Synthetic polymers are found in materials like plastic and nylon.
This versatility makes polymers an integral part of daily life, from the materials used in clothing to the biological molecules that sustain life.
Monomers
Monomers are the building blocks of polymers. These are simple molecules that can join together to form complex structures through chemical reactions known as polymerization. Every polymer starts with a specific monomer, which influences the properties of the resulting polymer.
  • Amino acids are monomers that form proteins.
  • Glucose units join to form carbohydrate polymers like starch.
By altering the type or arrangement of monomers, new materials with unique properties can be synthesized, showing the fundamental role of monomers in the creation and function of polymers.
Polymerization
Polymerization is the chemical process that binds monomers together into a polymer chain. This process can occur under various conditions and is essential for forming macromolecules.
  • In addition polymerization, monomers add together without the loss of atoms.
  • Condensation polymerization involves the joining of monomers with the release of small molecules like water.
Understanding polymerization is vital as it not only explains how complex molecules like proteins and synthetic materials are created, but also hints towards the incredible diversity that can be achieved in material design through this process.
Proteins
Proteins are remarkable polymers that play a crucial role in almost every biological process. They are composed of monomers called amino acids. The sequence of amino acids determines the protein's structure and function, giving them their immense diversity.
  • Proteins function as enzymes, speeding up chemical reactions in the body.
  • They also act as structural components, like collagen in skin and bones.
Due to their ability to form complex structures, proteins are essential for maintaining life and are involved in processes ranging from digestion to muscle contraction.
Carbohydrate Polymers
Carbohydrate polymers are a category of natural polymers made up of sugar monomers. These include important biological molecules such as cellulose, starch, and glycogen.
  • Cellulose provides structural support in plant cell walls.
  • Starch serves as energy storage in plants, while glycogen fulfills a similar role in animals.
These polymers are critical in biological systems, serving functions that range from providing energy to supporting cellular structures. Their chemistry and function underscore the importance of carbohydrates in both plant and animal life.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

In an amino acid, a carbon atom bound directly to the carbonyl carbon of the acid function is called the alpha carbon \((\alpha\) -carbon \() .\) Draw glycine, point out the \(\alpha\) -carbon, and then explain why all 20 amino acids used to build human proteins are called \(\alpha\) -amino acids. Then draw the simplest \(\beta\) -amino acid.

What is meant by the term codon? What is the function of a codon?

In the polymer polyethylene, there are no double bonds. Why, then, is it called polyethylene?

Are \(\alpha\) -glucose and \(\beta\) -glucose properly called isomers of one another? Explain. What would it take to convert one into the other?

Amino acids are a sort of self-contradiction because they contain both a basic group (the \(\mathrm{NH}_{2}\) end) and an acidic group (the \(\mathrm{CO}_{2} \mathrm{H}\) end \()\) in the same molecule. Therefore, it should not surprise you that, when dissolved in water, an amino acid can react with itself to form what is known as a zwitterion. Based on this information, (a) Draw the structural formula for the form of the amino acid alanine you would expect to find in a neutral water solution. What is the net electrical charge on this species? (b) Enough concentrated \(\mathrm{HCl}\) is added to the solution of part (a) to make it strongly acidic. Draw the structural formula for the form of alanine you expect to find in this solution. What is the net charge on the alanine? (c) Enough concentrated \(\mathrm{NaOH}\) is added to the solution of part (a) to make it strongly basic. Draw the structural formula for the form of alanine you expect to find in this solution. What is the net charge on the alanine now?
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