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Chapter 14: Problem 4

Does the nature of intermolecular forces change when a substance goes from a solid to a liquid, or from a liquid to a gas? What causes a substance to undergo a phase change?

Short Answer

Expert verified
In short, the nature of intermolecular forces does not change during a phase change, only the degree of interaction between the molecules changes due to their relative positions and kinetic energy. Phase changes occur when a substance gains or loses energy, causing the strength of the intermolecular forces to either decrease or increase, leading to a change in the substance's phase.

Step by step solution

01

Intermolecular forces

Intermolecular forces are the forces that hold molecules together in a substance. They can be classified into three types: London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, and hydrogen bonding. These forces determine many properties of substances, such as their boiling and melting points.
02

Phase changes

A phase change, or a physical change, occurs when a substance changes from one phase of matter (solid, liquid, or gas) to another while remaining chemically the same. The energy required to initiate a phase change is often related to the strength of the intermolecular forces in that substance. The most common phase changes are melting (solid to liquid), freezing (liquid to solid), vaporization (liquid to gas), and condensation (gas to liquid).
03

Forces during phase changes

The nature of intermolecular forces does not change during phase changes; only the degree of interaction between the molecules changes. For example, the molecules in a liquid are held closely together by intermolecular forces, but when a liquid becomes a gas, the molecules become more separated and move more freely, leading to a decrease in the strength of the intermolecular forces.
04

Causes of phase changes

Phase changes occur when energy (usually in the form of heat) is added or removed from a substance. When enough energy is added to a substance, the molecules gain enough kinetic energy to overcome the intermolecular forces holding them together, leading to a change in phase. Conversely, when energy is removed from a substance, the molecules lose kinetic energy, and the intermolecular forces become stronger, causing a phase change in the opposite direction (for example, condensation). To conclude, the nature of intermolecular forces does not change during a phase transition. However, the strength of the intermolecular forces changes as the substance gains or loses energy, leading to a change in its phase.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

You seal a container half-filled with water. Which best describes what occurs in the container? a. Water evaporates until the air becomes saturated with water vapor; at this point, no more water evaporates. b. Water evaporates until the air becomes overly saturated (supersaturated) with water, and most of this water recondenses; this cycle continues until a certain amount of water vapor is present, and then the cycle ceases. c. The water does not evaporate because the container is sealed. d. Water evaporates, and then water evaporates and recondenses simultaneously and continuously. e. The water evaporates until it is eventually all in vapor form. Justify your choice and for choices you did not pick, explain what is wrong with them.

How does vapor pressure change with changing temperature? Explain.

Sketch a microscopic picture of water and distinguish between intramolecular bonds and intermolecular forces.Which correspond to the bonds we draw in Lewis structures?

You have seen that the water molecule has a bent shape and therefore is a polar molecule. This accounts for many of water's interesting properties.What if the water molecule were linear? How would this affect the properties of water? How would life be different?

Which would you predict should be larger for a given substance: \(\Delta H_{\text {vap }}\) or \(\Delta H_{\text {fus }}\) ? Explain why.
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