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Chapter 5: Problem 23

What is a polyatomic ion? Give examples of five common polyatomic ions.

Short Answer

Expert verified
A polyatomic ion is a charged species composed of two or more atoms covalently bonded together or of a metal complex that acts as a single unit, carrying an overall net electrical charge. Five common polyatomic ions include: 1. Ammonium: \(\mathrm{NH}_4^+\) 2. Sulfate: \(\mathrm{SO}_4^{2-}\) 3. Nitrate: \(\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}\) 4. Hydroxide: \(\mathrm{OH}^{-}\) 5. Carbonate: \(\mathrm{CO}_3^{2-}\)

Step by step solution

01

Define polyatomic ion

A polyatomic ion is a charged species composed of two or more atoms covalently bonded together or of a metal complex that acts as a single unit. It carries an overall net electrical charge.
02

List five common polyatomic ions

Here are five common polyatomic ions, along with their chemical formulas and charges: 1. Ammonium: \(\mathrm{NH}_4^+\) 2. Sulfate: \(\mathrm{SO}_4^{2-}\) 3. Nitrate: \(\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}\) 4. Hydroxide: \(\mathrm{OH}^{-}\) 5. Carbonate: \(\mathrm{CO}_3^{2-}\)
03

Briefly explain each polyatomic ion

1. Ammonium (\(\mathrm{NH}_4^+\)): This ion consists of a nitrogen atom covalently bonded to four hydrogen atoms with a net positive charge. It is commonly found in salts such as ammonium chloride (\(\mathrm{NH}_4\mathrm{Cl}\)) and ammonium sulfate (\(\mathrm{(NH}_4\mathrm{)}_2\mathrm{SO}_4\)). 2. Sulfate (\(\mathrm{SO}_4^{2-}\)): This ion consists of a sulfur atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms with a net negative charge of 2. It is commonly found in salts like sodium sulfate (\(\mathrm{Na}_2\mathrm{SO}_4\)) and calcium sulfate (\(\mathrm{CaSO}_4\)). 3. Nitrate (\(\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}\)): This ion consists of a nitrogen atom covalently bonded to three oxygen atoms with a net negative charge. It is commonly found in salts like potassium nitrate (\(\mathrm{KNO}_3\)) and silver nitrate (\(\mathrm{AgNO}_3\)). 4. Hydroxide (\(\mathrm{OH}^{-}\)): This ion consists of an oxygen atom covalently bonded to a hydrogen atom with a net negative charge. It is commonly found in bases like sodium hydroxide (\(\mathrm{NaOH}\)) and potassium hydroxide (\(\mathrm{KOH}\)). 5. Carbonate (\(\mathrm{CO}_3^{2-}\)): This ion consists of a carbon atom covalently bonded to three oxygen atoms with a net negative charge of 2. It is commonly found in salts like calcium carbonate (\(\mathrm{CaCO}_3\)) and sodium carbonate (\(\mathrm{Na}_2\mathrm{CO}_3\)).

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Ammonium Ion
The ammonium ion is a fascinating example of a positively charged polyatomic ion. It is composed of one nitrogen atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms, forming the chemical formula \( \mathrm{NH}_4^+ \). The overall positive charge results from the nitrogen atom accommodating an extra proton.
This ion is commonly found in ammonia derivatives and fertilizers, due to its ability to easily dissolve in water and provide essential nutrients. Examples of such compounds include ammonium chloride (\( \mathrm{NH}_4\mathrm{Cl} \)) and ammonium sulfate (\( \mathrm{(NH}_4\mathrm{)}_2\mathrm{SO}_4 \)).
  • Provides nitrogen to plants
  • Used in household cleaners
  • Participates in acid-base reactions
Sulfate Ion
Sulfate ions are important components of many substances and they are prevalent in the environment. This ion is comprised of a sulfur atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms, resulting in the chemical formula \( \mathrm{SO}_4^{2-} \). This configuration carries a 2- charge because two more electrons are present than protons.
Sulfates are found in numerous minerals and are often used in industrial applications, such as in the production of gypsum for plaster or wallboard. Common forms include sodium sulfate (\( \mathrm{Na}_2\mathrm{SO}_4 \)) and calcium sulfate (\( \mathrm{CaSO}_4 \)).
  • Used in detergents and glass production
  • Occurs naturally in mineral deposits
  • Forms precipitation as rain or snow
Nitrate Ion
The nitrate ion, another essential polyatomic ion, consists of one nitrogen atom bonded to three oxygen atoms, expressed as \( \mathrm{NO}_3^{-} \). The negative charge occurs because there is one more electron than there are protons in the structure.
Nitrates play a crucial role in the nitrogen cycle and are key to plant growth. They are commonly found in compounds such as potassium nitrate (\( \mathrm{KNO}_3 \)) and silver nitrate (\( \mathrm{AgNO}_3 \)).
  • Key component of fertilizers
  • Found in explosives such as gunpowder
  • Used in food preservation
Hydroxide Ion
The hydroxide ion is a simple but significant polyatomic ion composed of one oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, shown as \( \mathrm{OH}^{-} \). The negative charge is due to the presence of an additional electron.
Found commonly in bases, hydroxides contribute to the alkaline properties of compounds. Familiar examples are sodium hydroxide (\( \mathrm{NaOH} \)) and potassium hydroxide (\( \mathrm{KOH} \)).
  • Used in chemical synthesis
  • Essential for saponification in soap production
  • Neutralizes acids, increasing pH
Carbonate Ion
The carbonate ion features a central carbon atom surrounded by three oxygen atoms, with the chemical formula \( \mathrm{CO}_3^{2-} \). Its 2- charge is due to two extra electrons in the atomic structure.
Carbonates are pivotal in geology and biology, forming essential parts of shells and skeletons in marine organisms. They are found in compounds like calcium carbonate (\( \mathrm{CaCO}_3 \)) and sodium carbonate (\( \mathrm{Na}_2\mathrm{CO}_3 \)).
  • Key component of limestone
  • Used for water softening
  • Acts as a buffering agent in chemistry

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Iron forms both \(2+\) and \(3+\) cations. Write formulas for the oxide, sulfide, and chloride compound of each iron cation, and give the name of each compound in both the nomenclature method that uses Roman numerals to specify the charge of the cation and the -ous/-ic notation.

In naming oxyanions, when there are more than two members in the series for a given element, what prefixes are used to indicate the oxyanions in the series with the fewest and the most oxygen atoms?

Write the formula for each of the following compounds that contain polyatomic ions. Be sure to enclose the polyatomic ion in parentheses if more than one such ion is needed to balance the oppositely charged ion(s). a. ammonium nitrate b. magnesium acetate c. calcium peroxide d. potassium hydrogen sulfate e. iron(II) sulfate f. potassium hydrogen carbonate g. cobalt(II) sulfate h. lithium perchlorate

The elements of Group 7 (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine) consist of molecules containing \(\quad\) atom(s).

Name the following compounds. a. \(\mathrm{AuBr}_{3}\) b. \(\mathrm{Co}(\mathrm{CN})_{3}\) c. \(\mathrm{MgHPO}_{4}\) d. \(\mathrm{B}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{6}\) e. \(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\) f. \(\mathrm{Ag}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}\) g. \(\mathrm{Be}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}\)
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