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Chapter 12: Problem 38

On the basis of their electron configurations, predict the formula of the simple binary ionic compound likely to form when the following pairs of elements react with each other. a. aluminum and bromine b. aluminum and oxygen c. aluminum and phosphorus d. aluminum and hydrogen

Short Answer

Expert verified
The formulas of simple binary ionic compounds formed when aluminum reacts with the given elements are: a. \(AlBr_3\) b. \(Al_2O_3\) c. \(AlP\) d. \(AlH_3\)

Step by step solution

01

Determine the electron configuration of aluminum

Aluminum has 13 protons, so its basic electron configuration is 1s虏 2s虏 2p鈦� 3s虏 3p鹿. Since the 3p orbital has one electron available, aluminum can lose three electrons to achieve a stable configuration with a charge of +3.
02

Determine electron configurations and charges for anions

Now, we need to determine the electron configuration of bromine, oxygen, phosphorus, and hydrogen so that we can predict the stable ions that can be formed when they react with aluminum. a. Bromine: It has 35 protons, so its electron configuration is 1s虏 2s虏 2p鈦� 3s虏 3p鈦� 4s虏 3d鹿鈦� 4p鈦�. Bromine requires one electron to have a stable electron configuration, so it acquires a -1 charge when it gains one electron. b. Oxygen: It has 8 protons, so its electron configuration is 1s虏 2s虏 2p鈦�. Oxygen requires two electrons to have a stable electron configuration, so it acquires a -2 charge when it gains two electrons. c. Phosphorus: It has 15 protons, so its electron configuration is 1s虏 2s虏 2p鈦� 3s虏 3p鲁. Phosphorus requires three electrons to have a stable electron configuration, so it acquires a -3 charge when it gains three electrons. d. Hydrogen: It has 1 proton, so its electron configuration is 1s鹿. Hydrogen requires one electron to have a stable electron configuration, so it acquires a -1 charge when it gains one electron.
03

Write the ionic formulas for each compound

Now that we know the charges of each ion, we can write the formulas for the simple binary ionic compounds formed when aluminum reacts with bromine, oxygen, phosphorus, and hydrogen. a. Aluminum reacting with bromine: The formula for the compound formed when aluminum with a +3 charge reacts with bromine with a -1 charge is AlBr鈧�. b. Aluminum reacting with oxygen: The formula for the compound formed when aluminum with a +3 charge reacts with oxygen with a -2 charge is Al鈧侽鈧�. c. Aluminum reacting with phosphorus: The formula for the compound formed when aluminum with a +3 charge reacts with phosphorus with a -3 charge is AlP. d. Aluminum reacting with hydrogen: The formula for the compound formed when aluminum with a +3 charge reacts with hydrogen with a -1 charge is AlH鈧�. In summary, the formulas of simple binary ionic compounds formed when aluminum reacts with the elements given are: a. AlBr鈧� b. Al鈧侽鈧� c. AlP d. AlH鈧�

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Electron Configuration
Understanding the electron configuration of an atom is akin to knowing the blueprint that underpins its chemical behavior. Atoms prefer to have a full outer shell, as this state is energetically favorable. This is often achieved by either losing or gaining electrons to form ions.

For instance, aluminum, which has an atomic number of 13, naturally holds an electron configuration of 1s虏 2s虏 2p鈦� 3s虏 3p鹿. Focus on the unfilled 3p orbital where only one electron rests鈥攖his is the region that dictates aluminum's chemical characteristics. Aluminum will lose three electrons to achieve the coveted [Ne] noble gas configuration, resulting in a positively charged ion, Al鲁鈦�. Other elements, like bromine or oxygen, will acquire electrons to fill their outer shells, thus forming anions with charges of -1 and -2, respectively.

It's important for students to grasp this concept as it provides a framework for predicting how different elements may react chemically, just as demonstrated in the step-by-step solution.
Ionic Bonding
Ionic bonding is like a dance between atoms, where one partner (the metal) gives away electrons, and the other (the nonmetal) accepts them, leading to a bond based on electrical attraction. These bonds form stable structures known as ionic compounds, relying on the balance of charge between the resulting ions.

When aluminum, with its 3+ charge, meets bromine, oxygen, phosphorus, or hydrogen, each with their unique electron requirements, they form compounds through ionic bonds. For example, aluminum and oxygen combine to form Al鈧侽鈧�, where two aluminum atoms donate a total of six electrons to three oxygen atoms鈥攅ach oxygen needing two electrons to achieve stability.

Such ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points and conduct electricity when melted or dissolved in water, a notable distinction from covalent compounds. When learning about chemical bonding, recognizing the give-and-take between ions can be a fascinating and crucial part of chemistry.
Chemical Formulas
The chemical formula of a compound tells a concise story of which atoms are present and in what ratios they combine. For binary ionic compounds鈥攖hose consisting of just two types of ions鈥攚riting the chemical formula requires an understanding of the charges on the ions involved. The total positive charge must balance the total negative charge for the compound to be neutral.

In the case of aluminum and bromine, the chemical formula AlBr鈧� communicates that one aluminum ion bonds with three bromide ions to maintain charge neutrality. Similarly, Al鈧侽鈧� indicates that two aluminum ions pair with three oxide ions.

It's this logic that allows scientists and students alike to construct and deconstruct the building blocks of matter. Beyond merely memorizing formulas, learning to interpret them paves the way to predicting properties of substances and mastering the language of chemistry.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Why is the molecular structure of \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) nonlinear, whereas that of \(\mathrm{BeF}_{2}\) is linear, even though both molecules consist of three atoms?

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What general principles determine the molecular structure (shape) of a molecule?

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