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Natural gas is a fossil fuel and is primarily composed of methane (CH4), a hydrocarbon. It also contains small amounts of ethane, propane, butane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide and trace amounts of other impurities.

Natural gas is commonly found in underground rock formations, usually in association with petroleum. It is formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals that were subjected to immense heat and pressure for millions of years, causing them to decompose and transform into combustible hydrocarbons. Some common locations where natural gas is found include: 1. Sedimentary basins, where layers of sedimentary rock rich in organic matter accumulate and transform into natural gas and petroleum deposits. 2. Permeable rock formations like sandstone and limestone, where the gas can migrate upward through porous spaces and be trapped by impermeable rocks. 3. Coalbed methane, which is another type of natural gas found in coal deposits. 4. Shale gas, found in layers of shale rock that has become rich in hydrocarbons due to the decomposition of trapped organic matter. 5. Tight gas, which is natural gas trapped in rock formations with very low permeability, making it difficult to extract. In addition to these geological locations, natural gas can also be found in man-made structures, such as landfills, where decomposition of organic waste produces methane gas.