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Chapter 10: Problem 53

Where did the energy stored in wood, coal, petroleum, and natural gas originally come from?

Short Answer

Expert verified
The energy stored in wood, coal, petroleum, and natural gas originally comes from the sun. This energy is captured by plants and microscopic marine organisms through the process of photosynthesis, which converts solar energy into chemical energy stored in carbon-based molecules. Over time, these organic materials undergo various transformations under heat and pressure, forming the energy resources we use today.

Step by step solution

01

Identify the sources:

Wood, coal, petroleum, and natural gas are sources of energy that are used by humans for various purposes. These materials store energy in the form of chemical bonds, which can be released and converted into other forms of energy (such as heat or electricity) when they are burned or undergo other reactions. Our goal is to understand where the energy stored in these resources originally came from.
02

Energy source for wood:

Wood comes from trees, which are plants. Plants are autotrophic organisms that produce their own food through a process called photosynthesis. In photosynthesis, plants capture energy from sunlight and use it to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose (a type of sugar), which serves as an energy source. Oxygen is released as a by-product in this process. The energy stored in wood originally comes from the sun.
03

Energy source for coal:

Coal is formed from the remains of ancient plants that lived millions of years ago. Dead plants and other organic materials accumulated in swamps and slowly transformed into peat. Over time, pressure and heat caused the peat to form coal. The energy stored in coal, just like in wood, originally comes from the sun because the ancient plants that formed coal also went through the process of photosynthesis.
04

Energy source for petroleum and natural gas:

Petroleum and natural gas are hydrocarbons formed from the remains of microscopic marine organisms (mainly plankton) that died millions of years ago and settled to the ocean floor. These remains mixed with sediment and were buried under layers of rock and other materials. Over time, heat and pressure caused the organic material to undergo chemical reactions that transformed it into petroleum and natural gas. Again, the energy stored in these resources originally comes from the sun, as the marine organisms that formed them relied on photosynthesis (either directly or indirectly) for their energy needs. In conclusion, the energy stored in wood, coal, petroleum, and natural gas ultimately comes from the sun. Photosynthesis plays a vital role in capturing and converting solar energy into chemical energy, which is stored in the form of carbon-based molecules that make up these resources.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a fundamental process that serves as the bedrock for the energy found in fossil fuels. It's a bit like how a solar panel works, but instead of producing electricity, plants produce glucose, a type of sugar. During photosynthesis, plants use sunlight to transform carbon dioxide from the air and water from the ground into glucose.

The Magic Behind Making Food from Light

Powerful molecules in plant cells, called chlorophyll, catch sunlight, much like a baseball mitt catches a ball. This sunlight is the source of energy that plants use to make their own food. The glucose produced not only fuels the plants' growth but is also stored and later forms the foundation of coal, petroleum, and natural gas when plant material is buried and decomposed over millions of years. This is why we say that the energy in fossil fuels is really just sunlight in a different form.
Solar Energy
Solar energy is the ultimate origin of the power packed inside fossil fuels. To put it simply, without the sun, our gas tanks would be empty and we'd have a hard time keeping the lights on at night.

From Sun to Fuel Tank: A Gigantic Battery

Hopping into your car and turning on the ignition is possible only because the sun sent its energy to Earth a long time ago. The sun's rays are packed with energy. When plants absorb this energy through photosynthesis, it doesn't just vanish after they use it; it's stored within them. Much later, these plants may transform into the oil and gas that power our modern lifestyle. Therefore, every time we burn fossil fuels, we're releasing ancient sunlight that was trapped in chemical bonds, showing how present-day energy use is closely tied to past solar energy.
Chemical Bonds
Chemical bonds are the strong connections that hold atoms together in molecules. They're like the glue that holds all the pieces in place. Think of it as a battery, which stores energy until you're ready to use it. In fossil fuels, the bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms store energy that was captured during photosynthesis millions of years ago.

The Invisible Storehouse of Energy

When you eat a piece of fruit, your body breaks down the chemical bonds in the sugar to get energy. Similarly, when we burn fossil fuels, we break the chemical bonds that hold their molecules together to release energy. This stored energy is what heats our homes, powers our factories, and runs our vehicles. And it all dates back to the simple, yet marvelous, interaction between plants and sunlight, locked away through the complex dance of atoms and the bonds they form.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Given the following data: $$\begin{array}{ll}\mathrm{S}(s)+\frac{3}{2} \mathrm{O}_{2}(g) \rightarrow \mathrm{SO}_{3}(g) & \Delta H=-395.2 \mathrm{~kJ} \\\2 \mathrm{SO}_{2}(g)+\mathrm{O}_{2}(g) \rightarrow 2 \mathrm{SO}_{3}(g) & \Delta H=-198.2\mathrm{~kJ}\end{array}$$ Calculate \(\Delta H\) for the reaction \(\mathrm{S}(s)+\mathrm{O}_{2}(g) \rightarrow \mathrm{SO}_{2}(g)\)

Consider the reaction $$\mathrm{B}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{6}(g)+3 \mathrm{O}_{2}(g) \rightarrow \mathrm{B}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}(s)+3\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(g) \quad \Delta H=-2035 \mathrm{~kJ}$$ Calculate the amount of heat released when \(54.0 \mathrm{~g}\) of diborane is combusted.

What do we mean by thermodynamics? What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A system absorbs \(215 \mathrm{~kJ}\) of heat, and \(116 \mathrm{~kJ}\) of work is done on it. Calculate \(\Delta E\)

Calculate \(\Delta E\) for each of the following. a. \(q=-47 \mathrm{~kJ}, w=+88 \mathrm{~kJ}\) b. \(q=+82 \mathrm{~kJ}, w=+47 \mathrm{~kJ}\) c. \(q=+47 \mathrm{~kJ}, w=0\) d. In which of these cases do the surroundings do work on the system?
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