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Chapter 3: Problem 15

What is the difference between a physical change and a chemical change?

Short Answer

Expert verified
A physical change does not alter the chemical composition of a substance, while a chemical change involves the formation of new substances through chemical reactions.

Step by step solution

01

Definition of a Physical Change

A physical change is a change that occurs without altering the chemical composition of the substance. Physical changes often involve a state change (like ice melting into water) or a change in appearance (like breaking a piece of metal), but the material itself remains the same at a molecular level.
02

Definition of a Chemical Change

A chemical change involves a chemical reaction, resulting in the formation of new substances. These changes are accompanied by the breaking and forming of chemical bonds and are often irreversible. Indicators of chemical changes include changing color, emission of gas, change in temperature, and the formation of a precipitate.
03

Distinguishing Between Physical and Chemical Changes

To distinguish between a physical and chemical change, consider whether the substance's chemical identity has changed. For example, if only the state or form of a substance has changed, it is likely a physical change. If the substance has undergone a reaction to form new chemicals, it is a chemical change.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Chemical Composition
Chemical composition refers to the identity and proportion of the elements that make up any substance. For example, water is always composed of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom; this is its chemical composition. When we observe a physical change such as ice melting into water, the composition remains H2O throughout the process. No new substances are formed, and the molecular structure does not change.
State Change
A state change is a type of physical change where a substance transitions from one state of matter 鈥� solid, liquid, or gas 鈥� to another, like ice (solid) melting into water (liquid). Such transformations do not alter the chemical composition of the substance. They are generally reversible; for instance, water can re-freeze back into ice under the right conditions.
Chemical Reaction
A chemical reaction occurs when substances interact to form one or more new substances. These reactions involve the making and breaking of chemical bonds, which requires or releases energy. Chemical reactions are at the heart of chemical changes and can result in observable effects like color changes, temperature changes, gas production, or the formation of a precipitate (a solid that forms from a solution).
Chemical Bond
Chemical bonds are the attractions between atoms that allow the formation of chemical substances containing two or more atoms. The main types of chemical bonds are ionic, covalent, and metallic. In a chemical change, these bonds are broken or formed. Taking our water example, electrolysis can break water into hydrogen and oxygen gases, which means breaking H2O's covalent bonds 鈥� a chemical change, as opposed to the physical change of melting.
Indicators of Chemical Changes
Indicators of chemical changes include the emergence of new colors, the release of gas or energy, a change in temperature, or the formation of a precipitate. Unlike physical changes, which can often be reversed, chemical changes usually result in new materials with different chemical compositions, and the original substances cannot be recovered by simple physical means like cooling or pressure changes.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Vodka does not freeze in the freezer because it contains a high percentage of ethanol. The freezing point of pure ethanol is \(-114{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). Convert that temperature to degrees Fahrenheit and Kelvin.

Why are gases compressible?

A common type of handwarmer contains iron powder that reacts with oxygen to form an oxide of iron. As soon as the handwarmer is exposed to air, the reaction begins and heat is emitted. Is the reaction between the iron and oxygen exothermic or endothermic? Draw an energy diagram showing the relative energies of the reactants and products in the reaction.

Classify each change as physical or chemical. (a) Sugar dissolves in hot water. (b) Sugar burns in a pot. (c) A metal surface becomes dull because of continued abrasion. (d) A metal surface becomes dull on exposure to air.

What is the difference between a mixture and a compound?
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