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Chapter 6: Problem 77

(Chemical Connections 6 G) A manufacturing error occurred in the isotonic solution used in hemodialysis. Instead of \(0.2 \% \mathrm{NaHCO}_{3}, 0.2 \%\) of \(\mathrm{KHCO}_{3}\) was added. Did this error change the labeled tonicity of the solution? If so, is the resulting solution hypotonic or hypertonic? Would such an error create an electrolyte imbalance in the patient's blood? Explain.

Short Answer

Expert verified
The solution is hypotonic and causes electrolyte imbalance due to increased K鈦� and reduced Na鈦�.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding Initial Conditions

The isotonic solution should contain 0.2% of NaHCO鈧�. In the error, 0.2% of KHCO鈧� was used instead of NaHCO鈧�. Both compounds are bicarbonates but contain different cations.
02

Analyze the Role of Na+ and K+

Na鈦� and K鈦� are both electrolytes crucial for maintaining osmotic balance and muscle function in the body. Although both are important, they have different roles and natural concentrations in body fluids. Na鈦� typically is more abundant in extracellular fluids compared to K鈦�.
03

Compare Molar Masses

Calculate the molar masses: NaHCO鈧� has a molar mass of 84 g/mol and KHCO鈧� has a molar mass of 100 g/mol. This affects the number of ions produced per gram of each compound, which in turn affects tonicity.
04

Determine Tonicity Change

Tonicity is determined by the concentration of solute particles in the solution. Since the molar mass of KHCO鈧� is higher, fewer ions are produced from 0.2% by weight compared to NaHCO鈧�. Thus, the solution is hypotonic.
05

Assess Electrolyte Imbalance

Replacing Na鈦� with K鈦� can disrupt the electrolyte balance as Na鈦� is more prevalent in body fluids. This error leads to increased K鈦� levels while reducing Na鈦� levels, possibly causing an imbalance.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Electrolyte Imbalance
Electrolyte imbalance occurs when the levels of electrolytes in your body are either too high or too low, potentially leading to a variety of health issues. Electrolytes are minerals in your body that have an electric charge, such as sodium (Na鈦�) and potassium (K鈦�).
  • Na鈦� and K鈦� Roles: Sodium is crucial for maintaining fluid balance, transmitting nerve impulses, and muscle contractions. Potassium helps regulate heart rate and muscle function.
  • Error Impact: The error in the isotonic solution replaced Na鈦� with K鈦�, impacting their concentrations in the body. Since Na鈦� is more prevalent in extracellular fluid, its reduction can hinder normal fluid regulation and nerve function.
The shift in electrolyte levels due to the increased presence of K鈦� can potentially lead to conditions such as hyperkalemia, which can result in serious complications like cardiac issues. It's important to maintain the balance between different electrolytes to ensure body systems work properly.
Tonicity
Tonicity refers to the ability of a solution to affect the movement of water within and between cells through osmosis. It depends on the concentration of non-permeable solutes, like ions, outside versus inside the cell.
  • Understanding Tonicity: A solution can be either isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic.
    • Isotonic solution: A solution with equal concentration of solutes as the cell, resulting in no net water movement.
    • Hypotonic solution: More solutes inside the cell than outside, causing water to enter the cell, possibly leading to swelling.
    • Hypertonic solution: More solutes outside the cell than inside, leading water to leave the cell, potentially causing it to shrink.
  • Error Effect: In our exercise, the mistake led to fewer ions being produced, transforming the solution to a hypotonic state. This can cause cells to absorb too much water and swell due to less solute outside than required.
Therefore, monitoring the tonicity of solutions used in medical applications like hemodialysis is crucial for preventing harm.
Osmotic Balance
Osmotic balance refers to the equilibrium between the solutes and solvents on two sides of a semipermeable membrane, which in the body often means the cellular membranes. This balance ensures that there is no excessive movement of water either into or out of cells.
  • Role in the Body: Proper osmotic balance keeps tissues hydrated properly, maintains blood pressure, and ensures cellular function by keeping cellular structures intact.
  • Impact of the Error: The manufacturing error reduced Na鈦� concentration while increasing K鈦�. This disrupts the usual balance, leading to unequal pressure and movement of water.
    • Excessive K鈦� results in improper transmission of fluid, affecting the pressure dynamics across cellular membranes and leading to osmotic stress.
Maintaining osmotic balance is vital for the smooth running of physiological activities in the body. Any imbalance, like reduced Na鈦�, can lead to complications affecting fluid movement, overall cell health, and organ function.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Which will have greater osmotic pressure? (a) \(\mathrm{A} 0.9 \%\) w/v \(\mathrm{NaCl}\) solution (b) \(\mathrm{A} 25 \%\) w/v solution of a nondissociating dextran with a molecular weight of 15,000.

The solubility of a compound is \(2.5 \mathrm{g}\) in \(100 .\) mL of aqueous solution at \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). If we put \(1.12 \mathrm{g}\) of the compound in a \(50 .\) -mL volumetric flask at \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and add sufficient water to fill it to the \(50 .\) -mL mark, what kind of solution do we get- saturated or unsaturated? Explain.

List the following aqueous solutions in order of increasing boiling point: \(0.060 \mathrm{M}\) glucose \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}_{6}\right)\) \(0.025 M \mathrm{LiBr},\) and \(0.025 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{Zn}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2}\). Assume complete dissociation of any salts.

Answer true or false. (a) Water is a good solvent for ionic compounds because water is a polar liquid. (b) Small covalent compounds dissolve in water if they can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. (c) The solubility of ionic compounds in water generally increases as temperature increases. (d) The solubility of gases in liquids generally increases as temperature increases. (e) Pressure has little effect on the solubility of liquids in liquids. (f) Pressure has a major effect on the solubility of gases in liquids. (g) In general, the greater the pressure of a gas over water, the greater the solubility of the gas in water. (h) Oxygen, \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\), is insoluble in water.

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