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Chapter 3: Problem 80
(Chemical Connections 3 A) What is the most prevalent metal ion in bone and tooth enamel?
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Answer true or false. (a) The octet rule refers to the chemical bonding patterns of the first eight elements of the Periodic Table. (b) The octet rule refers to the tendency of certain elements to react in such a way that they achieve an outer shell of eight valence electrons. (c) In gaining electrons, an atom becomes a positively charged ion called a cation. (d) When an atom forms an ion, only the number of valence electrons changes; the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus does not change. (e) In forming ions, Group 2 A elements typically lose two electrons to become cations with a charge of +2+ (f) In forming an ion, a sodium atom \(\left(1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{1}\right)\) completes its valence shell by adding one electron to fill its 3 s shell \(\left(1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2}\right)\) (g) The elements of Group 6 A typically react by accepting two electrons to become anions with a charge of -2 (h) With the exception of hydrogen, the octet rule applies to all elements in periods 1,2 and 3 (i) Atoms and the ions derived from them have very similar physical and chemical properties.
Write two acceptable contributing structures for the bicarbonate ion, \(\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}\) and show by the use of curved arrows how the first contributing structure is converted to the second.
Draw a Lewis structure of a covalent compound in which oxygen has: (a) Two single bonds and two unshared pairs of electrons (b) One double bond and two unshared pairs of electrons
Answer true or false. (a) For Group 1A and Group 2A elements, the name of the ion each forms is simply the name of the element followed by the word ion; for example, \(\mathrm{Mg}^{2+}\) is named magnesium ion. (b) \(\mathrm{H}^{-}\) is named hydride ion. (c) The nucleus of \(\mathrm{H}^{+}\) consists of one proton and one neutron. (d) Many transition and inner transition elements form more than one positively charged ion. (e) In naming metal cations with two different charges, the suffix -ous refers to the ion with a charge of +1 and -ic refers to the ion with a charge of +2 (f) \(\mathrm{Fe}^{3+}\) may be named either iron(III) ion or ferric ion. (g) The anion derived from a bromine atom is named bromine ion. (h) The anion derived from an oxygen atom is named oxide ion. (i) \(\quad \mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}\) is named hydrogen carbonate ion. (j) The prefix \(b i-\) in the name "bicarbonate" ion indicates that this ion has a charge of -2 (k) The hydrogen phosphate ion has a charge of +1 and the dihydrogen phosphate ion has a charge of +2 (l) The phosphate ion is \(\mathrm{PO}_{3}^{4-}\) \((\mathrm{m})\) The nitrite ion is \(\mathrm{NO}_{2}^{-},\) and the nitrate ion is \(\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}\) (n) The carbonate ion is \(\mathrm{CO}_{3}^{2-},\) and the hydrogen carbonate ion is \(\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}\)
Knowing what you do about covalent bonding in compounds of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen and given the fact that silicon is just below carbon in the Periodic Table, phosphorus is just below nitrogen, and sulfur is just below oxygen, predict the molecular formula for the compound formed by (a) silicon and chlorine, (b) phosphorus and hydrogen, and (c) sulfur and hydrogen.
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